Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) for Prevention of Covid-19.

Background: The monoclonal-antibody combination AZD7442 is composed of tixagevimab and cilgavimab, two neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that have an extended half-life and have been shown to have prophylactic and therapeutic effects in animal models. Pharmacokinetic data in humans indicate that AZD7442 has an extended half-life of approximately 90 days.

Methods: In an ongoing phase 3 trial, we enrolled adults (≥18 years of age) who had an increased risk of an inadequate response to vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), an increased risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, or both.

Non-interventional study of the safety and effectiveness of fluticasone propionate/formoterol fumarate in real-world asthma management.

Introduction: In recognition of the value of long-term real-world data, a postauthorization safety study of the inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) fluticasone propionate and long-acting β-agonist (LABA) formoterol fumarate (fluticasone/formoterol; Flutiform) was conducted.

Methods: This was a 12-month observational study of outpatients with asthma aged ⩾ 12 years in eight European countries. Patients were prescribed fluticasone/formoterol according to the licensed indication, and independently of their subsequent enrolment in the study.

Efficacy and Safety of 5-Fluorouracil 0.5%/Salicylic Acid 10% in the Field-Directed Treatment of Actinic Keratosis: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Trial.

Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of actinic keratosis (AK) and potential for lesions to become cancerous, clinical guidelines recommend that all are treated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 0.5%/salicylic acid 10% as field-directed treatment of AK lesions.

An analytical method for disentangling the roles of adhesion and crowding for random walk models on a crowded lattice.

Migration of cells and molecules in vivo is affected by interactions with obstacles. These interactions can include crowding effects, as well as adhesion/repulsion between the motile cell/molecule and the obstacles. Here we present an analytical framework that can be used to separately quantify the roles of crowding and adhesion/repulsion using a lattice-based random walk model.

Communication: Distinguishing between short-time non-Fickian diffusion and long-time Fickian diffusion for a random walk on a crowded lattice.

The motion of cells and molecules through biological environments is often hindered by the presence of other cells and molecules. A common approach to modeling this kind of hindered transport is to examine the mean squared displacement (MSD) of a motile tracer particle in a lattice-based stochastic random walk in which some lattice sites are occupied by obstacles. Unfortunately, stochastic models can be computationally expensive to analyze because we must average over a large ensemble of identically prepared realizations to obtain meaningful results.

Calculating the Fickian diffusivity for a lattice-based random walk with agents and obstacles of different shapes and sizes.

Random walk models are often used to interpret experimental observations of the motion of biological cells and molecules. A key aim in applying a random walk model to mimic an in vitro experiment is to estimate the Fickian diffusivity (or Fickian diffusion coefficient), D. However, many in vivo experiments are complicated by the fact that the motion of cells and molecules is hindered by the presence of obstacles.

Characterizing transport through a crowded environment with different obstacle sizes.

Transport through crowded environments is often classified as anomalous, rather than classical, Fickian diffusion. Several studies have sought to describe such transport processes using either a continuous time random walk or fractional order differential equation. For both these models the transport is characterized by a parameter α, where α = 1 is associated with Fickian diffusion and α < 1 is associated with anomalous subdiffusion.

Simplified approach for calculating moments of action for linear reaction-diffusion equations.

The mean action time is the mean of a probability density function that can be interpreted as a critical time, which is a finite estimate of the time taken for the transient solution of a reaction-diffusion equation to effectively reach steady state. For high-variance distributions, the mean action time underapproximates the critical time since it neglects to account for the spread about the mean. We can improve our estimate of the critical time by calculating the higher moments of the probability density function, called the moments of action, which provide additional information regarding the spread about the mean.

Moments of action provide insight into critical times for advection-diffusion-reaction processes.

Berezhkovskii and co-workers introduced the concept of local accumulation time as a finite measure of the time required for the transient solution of a reaction-diffusion equation to effectively reach steady state [Biophys J. 99, L59 (2010); Phys. Rev.

Critical time scales for advection-diffusion-reaction processes.

The concept of local accumulation time (LAT) was introduced by Berezhkovskii and co-workers to give a finite measure of the time required for the transient solution of a reaction-diffusion equation to approach the steady-state solution [A. M. Berezhkovskii, C.