A developmental cascade model of adolescent peer relationships, substance use, and psychopathological symptoms from child maltreatment.

Introduction: Although previous studies have demonstrated high intercorrelations among deviant peer affiliation, substance use, externalizing and internalizing symptoms in adolescence, these studies have been limited because they did not examine 1) the associations over time by assuming one particular sequence; and 2) child maltreatment effects.

Methods: This study included 617 adolescents (54.3 % girls, 55.