Neighborhood Disadvantage and Injury Mechanism, Severity, and Outcomes in Pediatric Trauma.

Background: Traumatic injuries remain the leading cause of death in children aged 1-14. Previous research demonstrates a link between lower socioeconomic status (SES) and higher pediatric injury morbidity and mortality. There is scant research exploring the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and pediatric trauma.

Modeling functional connectivity changes during an auditory language task using line graph neural networks.

Functional connectivity (FC) refers to the activation correlation between different brain regions. FC networks as typically represented as graphs with brain regions of interest (ROIs) as nodes and functional correlation as edges. Graph neural networks (GNNs) are machine learning architectures used to analyze FC graphs.

A multi-regional human brain atlas of chromatin accessibility and gene expression facilitates promoter-isoform resolution genetic fine-mapping.

Brain region- and cell-specific transcriptomic and epigenomic features are associated with heritability for neuropsychiatric traits, but a systematic view, considering cortical and subcortical regions, is lacking. Here, we provide an atlas of chromatin accessibility and gene expression profiles in neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei across 25 distinct human cortical and subcortical brain regions from 6 neurotypical controls. We identified extensive gene expression and chromatin accessibility differences across brain regions, including variation in alternative promoter-isoform usage and enhancer-promoter interactions.

Unexpected Malrotation in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Gastrostomy Tube Placement: Is Routine Preoperative Upper Gastrointestinal Series Imaging Necessary?

Our aim is to determine the rate of unexpected malrotation identified on routine preoperative upper gastrointestinal (UGI) contrast study in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) prior to gastrostomy tube (GT) placement and quantify any associated delay in care. We performed a retrospective review of infants with CHD who underwent GT placement following initial cardiac surgery at a single center between 2016 and 2021. Patients were identified in the electronic medical record.

Using shock index, pediatric age adjusted (SIPA) to predict prolonged length of stay in perforated appendicitis: a retrospective review.

Purpose: Hospital length of stay (LOS) following admission for appendicitis is difficult to predict. Shock index, pediatric age adjusted (SIPA) accurately identifies severely injured trauma patients and predicts mortality among children admitted to the ICU. Our aim was to determine if elevated SIPA at presentation, and time to normalization of SIPA, can identify children with perforated appendicitis and predict hospital LOS.

Formal Parental Leave Policies and Trainee Well-Being in US Graduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review.

Variability in parental leave policies across graduate medical education (GME) programs in the United States complicates efforts to support resident wellness and identify best practices for resident well-being. This review aims to assess how formal parental leave policies affect trainees' well-being, professional satisfaction, and performance during training. A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines was conducted and registered on PROSPERO in May 2023.

Effect of Leishmania infantum infection on B cell lymphopoiesis and memory in the bone marrow and spleen.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is characterized by an uncontrolled infection of internal organs such as the spleen, liver and bone marrow (BM) and can be lethal when left untreated. No effective vaccination is currently available for humans. The importance of B cells in infection and VL protective immunity has been controversial, with both detrimental and protective effects described.

Iowa Brain-Behavior Modeling Toolkit: An Open-Source MATLAB Tool for Inferential and Predictive Modeling of Imaging-Behavior and Lesion-Deficit Relationships.

The traditional analytical framework taken by neuroimaging studies in general, and lesion-behavior studies in particular, has been inferential in nature and has focused on identifying and interpreting statistically significant effects within the sample under study. While this framework is well-suited for hypothesis testing approaches, achieving the modern goal of precision medicine requires a different framework that is predictive in nature and that focuses on maximizing the predictive power of models and evaluating their ability to generalize beyond the data that were used to train them. However, few tools exist to support the development and evaluation of predictive models in the context of neuroimaging or lesion-behavior research, creating an obstacle to the widespread adoption of predictive modeling approaches in the field.

Classification and Surgical Management of Anorectal Malformations: A Systematic Review and Evidence-based Guideline From the APSA Outcomes and Evidence-based Practice Committee.

Objective: Treatment of neonates with anorectal malformations (ARMs) can be challenging due to variability in anatomic definitions, multiple approaches to surgical management, and heterogeneity of reported outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize existing evidence, identify treatment controversies, and provide guidelines for perioperative care.

Methods: The American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence Based Practice Committee (OEBP) drafted five consensus-based questions regarding management of children with ARMs.

Attitudes of Surgical Trainees and Faculty Towards Parental Leave During Surgical Training.

Objective: Our aim was to better understand attitudes towards parental leave from the perspective of both surgeon faculty and current surgical trainees. We hypothesized that support for trainees to take parental leave would vary by year of residency graduation and by parental status.

Design: We conducted a web-based survey regarding opinions on trainee parental leave.

Screening and Prophylaxis for Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Objective: The American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee conducted a systematic review to describe the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric surgical and trauma patients and develop recommendations for screening and prophylaxis.

Methods: The Medline (Ovid), Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were queried from January 2000 through December 2021. Search terms addressed the following topics: incidence, ultrasound screening, and mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis.

Management and Outcomes of Hepatoblastoma in Patients With Trisomy 18: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of 70 Patients.

Introduction: Predicted 1-year survival of children with trisomy 18 (T18) has increased to 59.3%. We aimed to systematically review the characteristics, management, and outcomes of children with T18 and hepatoblastoma.

Management of Gastroschisis: Timing of Delivery, Antibiotic Usage, and Closure Considerations (A Systematic Review From the American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes & Evidence Based Practice Committee).

Background: No consensus exists for the initial management of infants with gastroschisis.

Methods: The American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) Outcomes and Evidenced-based Practice Committee (OEBPC) developed three a priori questions about gastroschisis for a qualitative systematic review. We reviewed English-language publications between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 2019.

Transforming Perceptions: The Impact of a Formal Parental Leave Policy on Surgical Trainees.

Objective: Surgical trainees who welcome a new child during residency often face challenges related to appropriate parental leave. To address this, we instituted a comprehensive family medical leave policy within our training program and assessed resident perceptions before and after the policy's introduction. We hypothesized that this new formal policy would enhance feelings of support amongst all (not just childbearing) trainees.

Long-term hematopoietic stem cells trigger quiescence in Leishmania parasites.

Addressing the challenges of quiescence and post-treatment relapse is of utmost importance in the microbiology field. This study shows that Leishmania infantum and L. donovani parasites rapidly enter into quiescence after an estimated 2-3 divisions in both human and mouse bone marrow stem cells.

Lack of Association of Pediatric Surgical Patient Outcomes With Increased Disposable Operating Room Supply Costs.

Introduction: There is wide variation in the cost of disposable operating room supplies between surgeons performing the same operation at the same institution. The general relationship between variation in disposable supply cost and patient outcomes is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between disposable supply cost and patient outcomes for sixteen common operations.

Lithium aluminate flotation by pH- and light-switchable collectors based on the natural product punicine.

Derivatives of the natural product punicine [1-(2',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)pyridinium chloride] were developed as switchable collectors for the flotation of lithium-containing engineered artifical minerals (EnAMs). These EnAMs are formed by pyrometallurgical processing of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. Depending on the pH value and the lighting conditions, punicines exist in water as cations, two different electrostatically neutral mesomeric betaines, anionic tripoles, radical cations or radical anions.