Functional forest road network planning by consideration of environmental impact assessment for wood harvesting.

Forest management today has to meet a number of objectives. Planning of multi-functional forest road networks is one essential for meeting the aims of the sustainable forest concept. Road construction damages the natural environment unless it is carefully thought out.

46,XX maleness and 46,XX 21-hydroxylase deficiency in dizygotic twins: association or coincidence?

46,XX maleness is a rare abnormality of gonadal differentiation. We present dizygotic twins, one having ambiguous genitalia due to 2-hydroxylase deficiency, and the other having normal male genitalia with 46,XX maleness. One of the twins was referred to the endocrinology unit at 2 days old because of ambiguous genitalia.

Unusual origin and course of the testicular arteries.

Background: The testicular arteries usually arise from the anterolateral aspect of the abdominal aorta just inferior to the renal arteries at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. However, they may also originate from the renal artery, middle suprarenal artery, one of the lumbar arteries, common or internal iliac artery, or the superior epigastric artery.

Methods: An unusual origin of the right testicular artery and an unusual course of the left one were observed during routine dissection of the retroperitoneal space of a 43-year-old male cadaver.

Evaluation of aneuploidy frequency for chromosomes 6 and 17 in eyelid tumours using the FISH technique.

Although basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are very common skin tumours, the incidence of chromosome aneuploidy with regard to the eyelid has not been investigated. We aimed to find the frequency of chromosome 6 and 17 aneuploidies in eyelid tumours' interphase nuclei with fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) with chromosome specific DNA probes. I-FISH with chromosome 6 and 17 centromere specific DNA probes was used in the eyelids of 10 patients with BCC or SCC and the peripheral blood cells of 10 healthy donors as controls.

Is there a safe area for the axillary nerve in the deltoid muscle? A cadaveric study.

Background: Several authors have defined a variety of so-called safe zones for deltoid-splitting incisions. The first aim of the present study was to investigate the distance of the axillary nerve from the acromion and its relation to arm length. The second aim was to identify a safe area for the axillary nerve during surgical dissection of the deltoid muscle.

Surgical anatomy of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

Palsy of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) during thyroid surgery is an important complication reported with varying frequency. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the EBSLN, the upper part of the thyroid gland and the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx (IC), and also to define consistent landmarks for identifying and preserving the EBSLN. Forty neck halves of 20 cadavers were dissected.

Relation of glutathione S-transferase genotypes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma risk.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The genotypes of 110 patients with LSCC and of 197 healthy subjects as the control group were determined by PCR analysis for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes. Results showed that frequencies of GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null, and both GSTs-null genotypes were 51.

Evaluation of c-MYC status in primary acquired cholesteatoma by using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique.

Objective: The object of study was to investigate the status of c-MYC oncogene in primary acquired cholesteatoma.

Study Design: Descriptive study.

Methods: Cholesteatoma samples were obtained from 15 patients with primary acquired cholesteatoma during surgical operation.

Course of the innervation supply of medial head of triceps muscle and anconeus muscle at the posterior aspect of humerus (anatomical study).

Introduction: In elbow surgery; posterior side of joint has been described as the front door for accessing the elbow pathologies. Triceps splitting, triceps reflection, posterolateral Kocher, posteromedial Bryan-Morrey, modified MacAusland transolecranon approaches are the well known posterior surgical approaches. In the English literature, release and transposition of ulnar nerve on the medial side was fully described in posterior approaches.

Flexor pollicis brevis adductorplasty: an alternative method in ulnar nerve paralysis.

Loss of pinch power associated with loss of coordinated movement of thumb and index fingers is the major disability in patients with ulnar nerve paralysis. Several tendon transfer methods utilizing different donor muscles have been used to restore adductor pollicis muscle function in ulnar nerve paralysis. In this paper, we discuss the transfer of flexor digitorum brevis muscle to the tendon of adductor pollicis muscle as an alternative method to restore key pinch in ulnar nerve paralysis.

Evaluation of leptin level and Ob gene polymorphism in patients with Behcet's disease.

The present study was aimed to evaluate serum leptin level and the frequency of oligopolymorphic codon 25 (CAA/CAG) of Ob gene in Behcet's disease. Eighty-seven patients with Behcet's disease and 85 healthy controls with matched age, gender and body mass index were included in the study. Serum leptin level was determined and genotype of codon 25 of Ob gene was performed by using the PCR amplification after DNA extraction.

Meiotic segregation analysis of reciprocal translocations both in sperms and blastomeres.

Balanced chromosomal rearrangements could lead to unbalanced segregation gametes during meiosis. In this study, sperm flourescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of meiotic segregation products of four reciprocal translocations; 46,XY,t(7;10)(q21;q22), 46,XY,t(15;17)(q11;p12), 46,XY,t(6;13)(p21.1;q32), and 46,XY,t(1;13)(q24;q10) are presented.

Lack of association between the glutathione-s-transferase genes (GSTT1 and GSTM1) and nasal polyposis.

Objectives: To evaluate the glutation-S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms (GSTM1 and GSTT1) in nasal polyposis (NP).

Methods: The study population consisted of 102 unrelated healthy individuals and 98 patients with NP (67 without asthma, 31 with asthma). Genotyping of the polymorphism in the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was performed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method.

Investigation of direct toxic and teratogenic effects of anticoagulants on rat embryonic development using in vitro culture method and genotoxicity assay.

Heparin and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are used to reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Although, these agents have been shown to be safe when used during pregnancy, the studies about direct toxic and teratogenic effects of these drugs on embryonic development are limited. In this study, the effects of heparin and LMWHs on rat embryonic development were investigated by using in vitro embryo culture and micronucleus (MN) assay methods.

Withdrawal users' perceptions of and experience with contraceptive methods in Manisa, Turkey.

Objective: To gain an understanding of the knowledge, perceptions and experiences of using contraceptive methods among Turkish withdrawal users.

Design: Population-based, cross-sectional and descriptive study using a questionnaire conducted face to face.

Setting: Women who live in the Number 6 primary health unit area in Manisa, Turkey.

Frequency of chromosome 17 aneuploidy in primary and recurrent pterygium by interphase-fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Aim: To investigate chromosome 17 numerical aberrations by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in pterygia and to find out whether there is any association between chromosome 17 aneuploidy and recurrent pterygia.

Methods: Pterygium tissue samples were taken from 21 patients by surgical excision. Eighteen of them had primary and 3 had recurrent pterygium.

Evaluation of the association between null genotypes of glutathione-S-transferases and Behcet's disease.

Glutathione S-transferases (GST) play an important role in oxidative stress related syndromes. An imbalance of the oxidant and antioxidant systems is important in the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease (BD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of null genotypes of GST-M1 and GST-T1 with BD since some preliminary molecular genetic data were recently published.

Anatomic pattern of the terminal branches of posterior interosseous nerve.

To understand the lesion of the terminal branches of posterior interosseous nerve (PIN), an anatomic study was carried out. Thirty adult cadaver arms were dissected and the anatomic pattern of the nerve was documented. The distance between the point at which the nerve divides into branches and the distal edge of the supinator were measured, as well as the length of each nerve branch to its muscle-entering sites.

Analysis of chromosomes 9 and 11 aneuploidy frequency in pleural effusion of patients with and without malignancy: interphase FISH technique.

Fluids of body cavities result in a series of pathophysiological events associated with non-malignant and malignant conditions that lead to the formation of exudative effusion. Diagnosis of effusion from the patients is frequently troublesome for the cytologist because of the differentiation and biological behavior of different cells type in effusion. In the present study, chromosomal aneuploidy status in effusion cells derived from 32 patients including 14 patients with non-malignant and 18 patients with malignant diseases [including malign mesothelioma (n = 6), adeno carcinoma (n = 10), small cell carcinoma (n = 2)] was analyzed by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromere specific probes for chromosomes 9 and 11.

The annular ligament: an anatomical study.

Background: Despite documentations of ligamentous structures of the elbow, the anatomy and clinical and functional importance of the annular ligament has not been comprehensively defined in the orthopaedic literature.

Hypothesis: The annular ligament is an important component of both the proximal radioulnar and humeroradial joints, as well as an important component of the neighboring muscles and ligaments.

Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.

An assessment of Turkish deltaic landscapes regarding environmental conservation and sustainable management--a case study of the Kizilirmak Delta.

Deltas, as macro and micro biological systems at high productive levels, are the natural reserve areas of the world. Those in Turkey present the international importance landscapes as to the various ecosystem characteristics and land use patterns. Nevertheless, these areas are currently facing many problems such as biodiversity loss and environmental degradation owing to coastal settlements and pollution factors.