Global case studies for chronic kidney disease/end-stage kidney disease care.

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors is increasing worldwide, and the rapid rise in global need for end-stage kidney disease care is a major challenge for health systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Countries are responding to the challenge of end-stage kidney disease in different ways, with variable provision of the components of a kidney care strategy, including effective prevention, detection, conservative care, kidney transplantation, and an appropriate mix of dialysis modalities. This collection of case studies is from 15 countries from around the world and offers valuable learning examples from a variety of contexts.

Arabic translation, adaptation, and validation of the kidney disease quality of life short-form 36.

The Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form 36 (KDQOL-36) is a self-reported measure of health for patients with chronic kidney disease. Our goal was to develop an Arabic version of KDQOL-36 that is linguistically and conceptually equivalent to the original English version. We translated KDQOL-36 into formal Arabic language using forward and backward translation.

Prevalence of dengue fever virus antibodies and associated risk factors among residents of El-Gadarif state, Sudan.

Background: Dengue fever, caused by dengue virus (DENV), has become one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases with a steady rise in global incidence, including the Sudan. Sporadic cases and frequent acute febrile illness outbreaks, compatible with Dengue fever, have been reported in El-Gadarif State, Sudan. However, diagnosis was based almost exclusively on clinical signs without confirmatory laboratory investigations.

The effect of an educational program for vascular access care on nurses' knowledge at dialysis centers in Khartoum State, Sudan.

End-stage renal disease is a worldwide problem that requires highly skilled nursing care. Hemodialysis (HD) is a corner-stone procedure in the management of most patients who require renal replacement therapy. Adequate vascular access is essential for the successful use of HD.

Results of application of the ISPD guidelines to the management of peritoneal dialysis in a single center in Sudan.

The culture negative peritonitis in Sudan 2010 was 46% exceeding 20% of the recommended ISPD (International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis) guidelines. This study reports an update after applying the standard ISPD protocol. The routine method was replaced by ISPD protocol.

Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis.

To compare the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with that of azathioprine (AZA) drugs in the maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis (LN) patients, we studied 81 Sudanese patients with LN (32 in Class III, 34 in Class IV, and 15 in combined Class V + IV of the ISN/RPS 2003 Classification). All patients received induction therapy consisting of monthly intravenous pulse doses of cyclophosphamide (CYC) (500 mg/m 2 of body-surface area) for six months, plus three consecutive pulses of intravenous methylprednisolone 15 mg/kg/day of body weight (maximum 500 mg). Subsequently, 41 (50.

Outcome of acute kidney injury in Sudanese children - an experience from a sub-Saharan African unit.

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Background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Although continuous renal replacement therapy is gaining more popularity worldwide, peritoneal dialysis (PD) in children remains an appropriate therapy for AKI in children for all age groups including neonates. ♦

Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed all children who have been admitted with AKI at the pediatric nephrology unit, Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, during the period from January 2005 to December 2011.

Low sensitivity of the exit site scoring system in detecting exit site infections in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Introduction: To evaluate the utility of the exit site scoring system in diagnosing exit site infections, we compared its scores to the well established exit site categories outlined by Twardowski and Prowant.

Methods: We examined the exit sites of 50 patients on peritoneal dialysis. Each exit site was given a score ranging from "zero" to "≥ 4" according to the exit site scoring system.

The potential role of nursing students in the implementation of community-based hypertension screening programs in Sudan.

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important health problems worldwide, and it is possible to reduce their burden through effective HTN screening and treatment programs. It may be feasible to incorporate such programs in the community outreach activities of nursing and medical schools in Sudan.

Methods: Village inhabitants in the Northern state of Sudan were invited to attend a free clinic for screening of hypertension as well as for follow up and treatment of persons with previously diagnosed hypertension.

Effect of the patient's knowledge on peritonitis rates in peritoneal dialysis.

Introduction: After a training period, patients maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) assume responsibility for their own treatment. With the aid of appropriate tools, home visits help with ongoing evaluation and training for these patients.

Methods: We conducted a home visit survey of 50 patients maintained on CAPD in Sudan between April 2009 and June 2010.

Active tuberculous infection among adult Sudanese patients on long term peritoneal dialysis.

Introduction: The prevalence of tuberculosis in Sudan is 209 cases per 100,000 populations. There are no reports available regarding the prevalence of tuberculosis among the end-stage kidney disease and dialysis populations.

Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all adults who were on peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the Sudan Peritoneal Dialysis Program, during the period from June 2005 to December 2011.

Reaching target hemoglobin level and having a functioning arteriovenous fistula significantly improve one year survival in twice weekly hemodialysis.

Introduction: This is a prospective study of a cohort of 1011 patients maintained on regular hemodialysis (HD) in Khartoum, Sudan, studied in the year 2009 and reevaluated one year later. Their survival rates in November 2010 were related to their baseline characteristics.

Methods: Demographic and clinical data of studied patients was collected by direct patient interviews and dialysis records revision.

Comparison of high and low dose of cyclophosphamide in lupus nephritis patients: a long-term randomized controlled trial.

To evaluate the outcome of low doses of cyclophosphamide (Cyclo) therapy in lupus nephritis (LN) patients, we studied 117 biopsy-proven, de novo LN WHO class IV patients double-blinded and randomized in December 1997 to receive Cyclo in different doses; Group I (n=73) received Cyclo 10 mg/kg monthly for six months then every two months for 12 months. Group II (n=44) received Cyclo 5 mg/kg monthly for six months then every two months for 36 months. The patients were followed-up till January 2007.

Prevention of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus transmission in hemodialysis centers: review of current international recommendations.

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in hemodialysis (HD) patients are associated with adverse outcomes, especially after kidney transplantation.

Review: In the HD setting, cross-contamination to patients via environmental surfaces, supplies, equipment, multiple-dose medication vials and staff members is mainly responsible for both HBV and HCV transmission. The incidence and prevalence of HBV in HD centers have dropped markedly as a result of isolation strategy for HBsAg positive patients, the implementation of infection control measures and the introduction of HBV vaccine.

Non-infectious complications of peritoneal dialysis among Sudanese patients: five years experience.

Introduction: The technique of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is known to be associated with various infectious and non-infectious complications. The latter term includes anatomical/mechanical complications as well as hemoperitoneum, inflow pain, electrolyte disturbances, metabolic derangements and delayed gastric emptying.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated all patients who were maintained on CAPD for a minimum of 90 days in Sudan, in the period between May 2005 and Apr 2010.

Staff knowledge, adherence to infection control recommendations and seroconversion rates in hemodialysis centers in Khartoum.

Introduction: We evaluated hemodialysis (HD) staff knowledge, adherence to infection control recommendations and seroconversion rates for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 13 centers that continuously provided HD services in Khartoum State between June 2009 and November 2010.

Methods: The knowledge of 182 HD staff members was evaluated by a self-filled questionnaire. Relevant data were obtained from 1011 HD patients by direct interviews and record review.

Peritoneal dialysis in Africa.

Background: Africa is the world's second-largest and second most populous continent. It is also the poorest and most underdeveloped continent. Struggling to provide the essential health interventions for its occupants, the majority of African countries cannot regard renal replacement therapy a health priority.

Sarcoidosis with partial reversibility of renal failure: two case reports with review of literature.

Sarcoidosis is one of the granulomatus disorders affecting many organ systems of the body. Renal impairment in sarcoidosis is rare and occurs usually as a result of long standing hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria with nephrocalcinosis or renal stones. Sarcoid glomerulopathy and tubulo-interstitial granulomatus involvement have been described.

Peritonitis in Patients on CAPD at King Khalid University Hospital: Less Infection-rate with More Center-experience.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was started at the King Khalid University Hospital in 1986. Peritonitis remains the most significant complication of the procedure. Earlier rates of peritonitis were high, but after gaining sufficient experience, the rates are declining.

Complications of CAPD: A Single Center Experience.

To evaluate the complications of CAPD and their contributing factors in order to improve the patients' survival and reduce morbidity and mortality, we studied records of 65 CAPD patients treated at our hospital from October 1996 to January 2002. There were 32 (49%) males and the mean age of the patients was 48 +/- 16 years. All the patients were on the twin bag CAPD system.