SETTING AN AGENDA FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE THOUGHT OF ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER (1788-1860) IN CONTEMPORARY PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND PSYCHOTHERAPY.

There is a growing interest in the German thinker Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), sometimes referred to as "the psychologist of the "will", but scarce empirical research has been conducted on the relevance of his philosophy for psychology and psychiatry. Following his death, philosophers, psychologists, psychiatrists, artists, writers, and natural scientists commended him. However, he was harshly criticized by others, notably by Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger.

Preliminary Analysis of Genetic Markers for Functional Ethanol Tolerance in Honey Bees () Using a Free-Flying Paradigm.

Honey bees are a commonly used species for alcohol research due to their genome being fully sequenced, their behavioral changes following consumption, and their preference for alcohol. The purpose of this article is to provide a preliminary examination of the genetic expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and big potassium ion channel protein (BKP) in honey bees following the consumption of either 0%, 2.5%, 5%, or 10% ethanol (EtOH) solutions.

Identifying American climate change free riders and motivating sustainable behavior.

Free riders, who benefit from collective efforts to mitigate climate change but do not actively contribute, play a key role in shaping behavioral climate action. Using a sample of 2096 registered American voters, we explore the discrepancy between two groups of free riders: cynics, who recognize the significance of environmental issues but do not adopt sustainable behaviors, and doubters, who neither recognize the significance nor engage in such actions. Through statistical analyses, we show these two groups are different.

Tlx1 regulates acinar and duct development in mouse salivary glands.

Tlx1 encodes a transcription factor expressed in several craniofacial structures of developing mice. The role of Tlx1 in salivary gland development was examined using morphological and immunohistochemical analyses of Tlx1 null mice. Tlx1 is expressed in submandibular and sublingual glands but not parotid glands of neonatal and adult male and female C57Bl/6J (Tlx1 ) mice.

Does Housing Status Matter in Emergency Medical Services Administration of Naloxone? A Prehospital Cross-sectional Study.

Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) use emergency medical services (EMS) at disproportionately high rates relative to housed individuals due to several factors including disparate access to healthcare. Limited access to care is compounded by higher rates of substance use in PEH. Despite growing attention to the opioid epidemic and housing crisis, differences in EMS naloxone administration by housing status has not been systematically examined.

A case study of learning in plants: Lessons learned from pea plants.

To facilitate the study of learning in plants, we share our experiences of trying to replicate the pea plant experiment of Gagliano et al. In the course of our efforts, we identified 11 issues that must be addressed when attempting to replicate these experiments. The issues range from germination and transplantation of seedlings to experimental design and apparatus issues.

The Role of Comparative Psychology in the Training of Veterinarians.

This article highlights some of the advantages that comparative psychology offers the veterinary student and veterinary education generally. Comparative psychology is the oldest of the social sciences and, as such, has accumulated over three centuries of experience in such areas as research design, animal-human interactions, and animal behavior. To establish whether comparative psychology is taught in veterinary schools, we survey all course catalogs of U.

The origin of the phrase comparative psychology: an historical overview.

Comparative psychology, in its narrow meaning, refers to the study of the similarities and differences in the psychology and behavior of different species. In a broader meaning, it includes comparisons between different biological and socio-cultural groups, such as species, sexes, developmental stages, ages, and ethnicities. This broader meaning originated by extension from the former narrow meaning, which historically was the original meaning of the phrase (interspecies psychological and behavioral comparisons) and which still today is the focus of the field.

Some phenomena of the cap-pushing response in honey bees (Apis mellifera spp.).

The cap-pushing response (CPR) is a new free-flying technique used to study learning and memory in honey bees. Bees fly to a target where they push a cap to reveal a hidden food source. When combined with traditional odor and color targets, the CPR technique opens the door to additional choice preference tests in honey bees.

Preliminary Evidence That Fiji Water Has Protective Effects against Aluminum Toxicity in Honey Bees ().

Researchers have determined that bioavailable aluminum chloride (AlCl3) may affect honey bee behavior (e.g., foraging patterns and locomotion) and physiology (e.

Why the study of comparative psychology is important to neuroscientists.

The purpose of this contribution is threefold. First, is to acquaint neuroscientists with the area of psychology known as comparative psychology. Comparative psychology is the oldest of the organized social sciences with the term appearing as early as 1808.

Honey bee flights near hover under ethanol-exposure show changes in body and wing kinematics.

Flying social insects can provide model systems for in-flight interactions in computationally-constrained aerial robot swarms. The social interactions in flying insects may be chemically modulated and quantified via recent measurement advancements able to simultaneously make precise measurements of insect wing and body motions. This paper presents the first in-flight quantitative measurements of ethanol-exposed honey bee body and wing kinematics in archival literature.

Honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and aversive conditioning following aluminum trichloride exposure.

Background: Aluminum is the third most prevalent element in the earth's crust. In most conditions, it is tightly bound to form inaccessible compounds, however in low soil pH, the ionized form of aluminum can be taken up by plant roots and distributed throughout the plant tissue. Following this uptake, nectar and pollen concentrations in low soil pH regions can reach nearly 300 mg/kg.

Behaviorist approaches to investigating memory and learning: A primer for synthetic biology and bioengineering.

The fields of developmental biology, biomedicine, and artificial life are being revolutionized by advances in synthetic morphology. The next phase of synthetic biology and bioengineering is resulting in the construction of novel organisms (biobots), which exhibit not only morphogenesis and physiology but functional behavior. It is now essential to begin to characterize the behavioral capacity of novel living constructs in terms of their ability to make decisions, form memories, learn from experience, and anticipate future stimuli.

Effects of ethanol ingestion on aversive conditioning in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).

Ethanol consumption has been shown to have many deleterious effects, including behavioral alterations, motor deficits, reduction in inhibition, and alteration of neurochemical expression. These effects occur in the wide variety of species that consume ethanol. Although studies have examined aversive conditioning in honey bees (Apis mellifera), few have examined the role of intoxication on the acquisition of learning in such paradigms.

Qualitative Coding in the Computational Era: A Hybrid Approach to Improve Reliability and Reduce Effort for Coding Ethnographic Interviews.

Sociologists have argued that there is value in incorporating computational tools into qualitative research, including using machine learning to code qualitative data. Yet standard computational approaches do not neatly align with traditional qualitative practices. The authors introduce a hybrid human-machine learning approach (HHMLA) that combines a contemporary iterative approach to qualitative coding with advanced word embedding models that allow contextual interpretation beyond what can be reliably accomplished with conventional computational approaches.

Effects of aversive conditioning on expression of physiological stress in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Stress is defined as any deviation from an organism's baseline physiological levels. Therefore, introduction of new stimuli and information, such as in learning, can be defined as a stressor. A large body of research exists examining the role that stress plays in learning, but virtually none addresses whether or not learning itself is a measurable cause of stress.

Assessment of lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid, ethion, and glyphosate on aversive conditioning, motility, and lifespan in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) play an important role in agriculture worldwide. Several factors including agrochemicals can affect honey bee health including habitat fragmentation, pesticide application, and pests. The growing human population and subsequent increasing crop production have led to widespread use of agrochemicals and there is growing concern that pollinators are being negatively impacted by these pesticides.

Low Strength Magnetic Fields Serve as a Cue for Foraging Honey Bees but Prior Experience is More Indicative of Choice.

Species of migrating insects use magnetic fields as a navigational tool that is independent of current weather conditions and non-migrating species have been shown to discriminate anomalies in magnetic field from the earth's baseline. Honey bee discrimination of magnetic field has been studied in the context of associative learning, physiology, and whole hive responses. This article uses a combination of free-flight and laboratory studies to determine how small fluctuations from Earth's magnetic field affect honey bee (Apis mellifera L.

Conspecific and interspecific stimuli reduce initial performance in an aversive learning task in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether honey bees (Apis mellifera) are able to use social discriminative stimuli in a spatial aversive conditioning paradigm. We tested bees' ability to avoid shock in a shuttle box apparatus across multiple groups when either shock, or the absence of shock, was associated with a live hive mate, a dead hive mate, a live Polistes exclamans wasp or a dead wasp. Additionally, we used several control groups common to bee shuttle box research where shock was only associated with spatial cues, or where shock was associated with a blue or yellow color.

Before Consent: Qualitative Analysis of Deliberations of Patients With Advanced Cancer About Early-Phase Clinical Trials.

Purpose: Patients with advanced cancer and oncologists deliberate about early-phase (EP) trials as they consider whether to pursue EP trial enrollment. We have limited information about those deliberations and how they may facilitate or impede trial initiation. This study describes these deliberations and their relationship to trial initiation.

Beyond exploratory: a tailored framework for designing and assessing qualitative health research.

The objective of this commentary is to develop a framework for assessing the rigour of qualitative approaches that identifies and distinguishes between the diverse objectives of qualitative health research, guided by a narrative review of the published literature on qualitative guidelines and standards from peer-reviewed journals and national funding organisations that support health services research, patient-centered outcomes research and other applied health research fields. In this framework, we identify and distinguish three objectives of qualitative studies in applied health research: exploratory, descriptive and comparative. For each objective, we propose methodological standards that may be used to assess and improve rigour across all study phases-from design to reporting.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera spp.) respond to increased aluminum exposure in their foraging choice, motility, and circadian rhythmicity.

Aluminum is increasingly globally bioavailable with acidification from industrial emissions and poor mining practices. This bioavailability increases uptake by flora, contaminating products such as fruit, pollen, and nectar. Concentrations of aluminum in fruit and pollen have been reported between 0.

Appetitive reversal learning differences of two honey bee subspecies with different foraging behaviors.

We aimed to examine mechanistically the observed foraging differences across two honey bee, , subspecies using the proboscis extension response assay. Specifically, we compared differences in appetitive reversal learning ability between honey bee subspecies: (Pollman), and (Skorikov) in a "common garden" apiary. It was hypothesized that specific learning differences could explain previously observed foraging behavior differences of these subspecies: switches between different flower color morphs in response to reward variability, and does not switch.

An Inconvenient Truth: Some Neglected Issues in Invertebrate Learning.

The burgeoning field of invertebrate behavior is moving into what was the realm of human psychology concepts. This invites comparative studies not only between invertebrate and vertebrate species but also among the diverse taxa within the invertebrates, diverse even when considering only the insects. In order to make lasting progress two issues must be addressed.