Circulating sex hormones in relation to anthropometric, sociodemographic and behavioural factors in an international dataset of 12,300 men.

Introduction: Sex hormones have been implicated in the etiology of a number of diseases. To better understand disease etiology and the mechanisms of disease-risk factor associations, this analysis aimed to investigate the associations of anthropometric, sociodemographic and behavioural factors with a range of circulating sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin.

Methods: Statistical analyses of individual participant data from 12,330 male controls aged 25-85 years from 25 studies involved in the Endogenous Hormones Nutritional Biomarkers and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group.

The association of cigarette smoking with gastric cancer: the multiethnic cohort study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of cigarette smoking with gastric cancer.

Methods: Over 215,000 men and women, representing five ethnic groups (African Americans, Japanese Americans, Latino Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Whites), completed a mailed questionnaire, 1993-1996. After an average follow-up of 7.

Racial/ethnic differences in colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

Incidence rates in the United States show clear racial/ethnic disparities for colorectal cancer. We examined the extent to which ethnic differences in risk factors could explain the age-adjusted variation in the risk of colorectal cancer, overall and by stage at diagnosis, among 165,711 African Americans, Japanese Americans, Latinos, Native Hawaiians and whites participating in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Over a median follow-up period of 10.

Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer: Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers.

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers of the stomach and esophagus have high incidence and mortality worldwide, but they are uncommon in Western countries. Little information exists on the association between vitamin D and risk of upper GI cancers. This study examined the association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and upper GI cancer risk in the Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers.

Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of colorectal cancer: the multiethnic cohort study.

Vitamin D is obtained from the diet and synthesized in skin exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D status, assessed by circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in previous studies. To complement existing evidence, we conducted a case-control study nested within the Multiethnic Cohort including men and women of Japanese, Latino, African-American, White, and Native Hawaiian ancestry.

Urinary phytoestrogen excretion and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

The objective of this study was to examine the association of urinary phytoestrogens with the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Participants in the Multiethnic Cohort Study included 36,458 postmenopausal women who provided blood or urine specimens. A nested case-control study of breast cancer with biospecimens was created in which cases diagnosed after specimen collection were matched to two controls.

Plasma levels of B vitamins and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

B vitamins, such as folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, play an important role as coenzymes in one-carbon metabolism and may affect colorectal cancer risk. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationships of plasma folate, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP, the active form of vitamin B6), vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, and cysteine with colorectal cancer risk, accounting for suspected modifiers (alcohol intake, MTHFR C677T genotype, and plasma C-reactive protein) and potential confounders. We conducted a case-control study nested within the Multiethnic Cohort study and analyzed prospectively collected blood samples from 224 incident colorectal cancer cases and 411 controls matched on age, sex, race/ethnicity, study site, date/time of blood draw, and hours of fasting.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma: the multiethnic cohort study.

In many epidemiologic studies, investigators have reported an inverse relation between nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and colon cancer, but fewer researchers have examined the relation with gastric cancer. Cases for this study consisted of incident gastric adenocarcinomas (n = 643) identified between 1993 and 2004 among members of the Multiethnic Cohort (Hawaii and Los Angeles, California). Aspirin and nonaspirin NSAID use was assessed on the basis of a self-administered questionnaire.

Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women.

Introduction: Historically, breast cancer incidence has been substantially higher in the United States than in Asia. When Asian women migrate to the United States, their breast cancer risk increases over several generations and approaches that for U.S.

Carotenoid intake and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

Background: A protective effect of fruits and vegetables against colorectal cancer has been supported by many epidemiologic studies. This suggests that the carotenoids frequently found in these foods play a role in the prevention of this common cancer. To examine associations between the intake of individual and total carotenoids and the risk of colorectal cancer, we analyzed prospective data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Background: It is uncertain whether or not vegetables, fruit, or grains protect against colorectal cancer.

Objective: In a large prospective study, we investigated the association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer risk.

Design: Between 1993 and 1996, 85 903 men and 105 108 women completed a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire that included approximately 180 foods and beverages in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and diet on the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in Hawaii.

Objective: The risk factors most strongly associated with gastric cancer are the gastric bacteria Helicobacter pylori and diet. Utilizing data from a case-control study among residents in Hawaii, we examined the association of diet, presence of H. pylori, and non-cardia gastric cancer risk.

Risk factors for renal cell cancer: the multiethnic cohort.

The association of body size, lifestyle, and medical conditions with renal cell cancer risk was examined among 161,126 Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort participants (1993-2002). After 8.3 years of follow-up, 347 renal cell cancer cases (220 men, 127 women) were identified.

Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

Objective: To investigate the association of dietary fiber with colorectal cancer

Methods: A total of 85,903 men and 105,108 women completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1993-1996. A total of 1,138 men and 972 women were subsequently diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate multivariate adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for colorectal cancer.

Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

The associations of intakes of calcium and vitamin D with colorectal cancer risk were examined in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (Hawaii and Los Angeles, California). In 1993-1996, 85,903 men and 105,108 women aged > or =45 years completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A total of 2,110 incident cases of colorectal cancer (1,138 in men and 972 in women) were identified through December 31, 2001.

Prostate cancer incidence and intake of fruits, vegetables and related micronutrients: the multiethnic cohort study* (United States).

Objective: To describe the relationship between the intake of fruits, vegetables, and related vitamins and antioxidants, and the risk of prostate cancer in male participants in a large multiethnic cohort study.

Methods: Food and nutrient intakes in 1993-1996 were calculated from a detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to account for the food and nutrient intake of the ethnic groups represented in the study (82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males included here). Follow-up for incident cancers utilized local SEER registries.

Trends and dietary determinants of overweight and obesity in a multiethnic population.

Objectives: To describe trends in BMI among different ethnic groups in Hawaii and to explore the relation of nutrient and food intake with excess weight.

Research Methods And Procedures: We pooled demographic, anthropometric, and nutritional data derived from a detailed diet history for 159,683 participants of 18 population-based epidemiological studies conducted in Hawaii over a 25-year period. The age-adjusted prevalence of excess weight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2)) was estimated for 5-year intervals.

Helicobacter pylori, pepsinogen, and gastric adenocarcinoma in Hawaii.

Background: The objective was to investigate the association of Helicobacter pylori and serum pepsinogen (PG) levels with gastric adenocarcinoma.

Methods: Serum obtained from 299 patients at the time of cancer diagnosis and from 336 population-based control subjects was tested for PG I, PG II, and antibodies to H. pylori and to CagA.

Prospective study of the association of serum triglyceride and glucose with colorectal cancer.

To determine if serum triglyceride and glucose levels are associated with colorectal cancer, a prospective study among 7619 Japanese-American men was conducted. From 1968 to 1998, 376 colon and 124 rectal cancer incident cases were diagnosed. A strong positive association of alcohol intake and pack-years of cigarette smoking with colorectal cancer was observed.

Association of dietary vitamin A, carotenoids, and other antioxidants with the risk of ovarian cancer.

Unlabelled: Antioxidants may protect the ovaries from oxidative damage and reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Although a few studies have examined the relation of antioxidant intake to the risk of ovarian cancer, the results have been inconclusive. Questions still remain regarding the effects of confounding factors, such as menopause, tobacco smoking, and alcohol drinking, on the association between antioxidants and ovarian cancer development.

Effect of anovulation factors on pre- and postmenopausal ovarian cancer risk: revisiting the incessant ovulation hypothesis.

Risk factors for ovarian cancer may differ between pre- and postmenopausal women. The authors used data from a multiethnic, population-based, case-control study, conducted between 1993 and 1999 in Hawaii and Los Angeles, California, to examine whether menopause modified the effect of ovulation on ovarian cancer risk. A structured questionnaire was administered to 558 histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 607 population controls.

Urinary estrogen metabolites and their ratio among Asian American women.

Controversy persists regarding the role of a low ratio of 2-hydroxyestone (2-OHE(1))/16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE(1)) as a potential estrogen metabolism marker of increased risk for breast cancer. Most of the evidence has been provided by case-control studies, where tumor effects on hormone metabolism are not known. Studies in populations at various risk of breast cancer are not consistent, with some suggesting that levels of the ratio may be altered by changes in diet and exercise.

Aggregation of ovarian cancer with breast, ovarian, colorectal, and prostate cancer in first-degree relatives.

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a tendency for common cancers to aggregate in families. The authors investigated the effects of family history of cancer at multiple sites, including the breast, ovary, colorectum, and prostate, on ovarian cancer risk among 607 controls and 558 ovarian cases in Hawaii and Los Angeles, California, in 1993-1999. A family history of cancer of the breast, ovary, colorectum, or prostate in first-degree relatives was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (odds ratio (OR)=1.