Involvement of the Bradykinin B Receptor in Microglial Activation: and Studies.

The importance of brain inflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been accepted of late, with it currently being held that brain inflammation aggravates AD pathology. One important aspect of brain inflammation is the recruitment and activation of microglia, a process termed microgliosis. Kinins and bradykinin (BK), in particular, are major pro-inflammatory mediators in the periphery, although all of the factors comprising the kinin system have also been described in the brain.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Ameliorate Brain Inflammation Associated with Microglial Activation: Possible Implications for Alzheimer's Disease.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I to a potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II (ANG II). ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) are widely used for the management of hypertension. All components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have also been identified in the brain.

Telmisartan Modulates Glial Activation: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

The circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including the biologically active angiotensin II, is a fundamental regulatory mechanism of blood pressure conserved through evolution. Angiotensin II components of the RAS have also been identified in the brain. In addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, neuromodulators, such as angiotensin II can induce (through angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R)) some of the inflammatory actions of brain glial cells and influence brain inflammation.

Differential regulation of astrocyte prostaglandin response by kinins: possible role for mitogen activated protein kinases.

The role of kinins, well known as peripheral inflammatory mediators, in the modulation of brain inflammation is not completely understood. The present data show that bradykinin, a B2 receptor agonist, enhanced both basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein levels and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in primary rat astrocytes. By contrast, Lys-des-Arg(9)-bradykinin, which is a bradykinin breakdown product and a selective kinin B1 receptor agonist, attenuated both basal and LPS-induced astrocyte cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA levels and prostaglandin E2 production.

A novel red grape cells complex: health effects and bioavailability of natural resveratrol.

In this study, we present a novel product consisted of red grape cells (RGC) grown in culture and evaluated its effect on human LDL oxidation (in vitro) and inflammatory stress (in an in vivo rat model). We analyzed RGC for its polyphenols content and characterized RGC-derived resveratrol (RES) and its properties; and finally, we characterized the pharmacokinetic profile of RGC-RES in human plasma. RGC has demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation with IC50 as low as 8.

Bradykinin decreases nitric oxide release from microglia via inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling.

Bradykinin (BK) is a major potent inflammatory mediator outside the central nervous system. In Alzheimer's disease, BK release and BK receptor expression in brain tissues are upregulated relatively early during the course of the disease. Hence, BK was believed to promote neuroinflammation.

Inhibitory role of kinins on microglial nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production.

Brain inflammation is sustained by chronic activation of microglia and the over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO), which in turn can be highly neurotoxic. Microglial activation can be regulated by neuropeptides such as bradykinin (BK) and other members of the kinin family. Kinins are well known inflammatory regulators outside the CNS.

Controlling bleeding from superficial wounds by the use of topical alpha adrenoreceptor agonists spray. A randomized, masked, controlled study.

In an attempt to determine whether alpha adrenergic agonists sprayed directly over the wound are able to reduce a superficial bleeding, phenylephrine (0.25%), oxymetazoline (0.05 and 0.

Prior statin therapy is associated with a decreased rate of severe sepsis.

Background: Statins have anti-inflammatory properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering abilities. We hypothesized that statin therapy before the onset of an acute bacterial infection may have a protective effect against severe sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients treated with statins develop severe sepsis less frequently.

Multiple effects of arginine vasopressin on prostaglandin E2 synthesis in fibroblasts.

Recent evidence supports the viewpoint that vasopressin, a neurohypophyseal peptide, should be also considered as a neuroendocrine modulator of immune and inflammatory responses. In this work we investigated the role of vasopressin in the regulation of prostaglandin E(2) synthesis by human dermal fibroblasts. Recombinant human interleukin-1 beta increased prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in fibroblasts about sixfold.

Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial.

Purpose: To evaluate whether individualized pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides can reduce nephrotoxicity and improve the outcome of patients with gram-negative sepsis.

Methods: We conducted a prospective controlled trial at a tertiary care university hospital. Eighty-one patients with suspected or documented gram-negative infections were enrolled.

Multiple-Dose Studies can be a More Sensitive Assessment for Bioequivalence than Single-Dose Studies : The Case with Omeprazole.

Objective: To evaluate the bioequivalence of two enteric-coated formulations of omeprazole, Losec® (reference) and Omepradex® (test). It is hypothesised that formulation differences may be accentuated following multiple-dose administration, and that testing after multiple administration may therefore provide a more sensitive assessment of bioequivalence.

Study Participants And Design: The study comprised two parts: an in vitro dissolution test and an in vivo bioavailability study.