Exosomes, and the potential for exosome-based interventions against COVID-19.

Since late 2019, the world has been devastated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with more than 760 million people affected and ∼seven million deaths reported. Although effective treatments for COVID-19 are currently limited, there has been a strong focus on developing new therapeutic approaches to address the morbidity and mortality linked to this disease. An approach that is currently being investigated is the use of exosome-based therapies.

Engineering a novel immunogenic chimera protein utilizing bacterial infections associated with atherosclerosis to induce a deviation in adaptive immune responses via Immunoinformatics approaches.

Recent studies have established the role of bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the development of atherosclerosis. These bacteria contribute to plaque formation via promoting Th1 immune responses and speeding up ox-LDL formation. Hence, we employed computational reverse vaccinology (RV) approaches to deviate immune response toward Th2 via engineering a novel immunogenic chimera protein.

Applying high throughput and comprehensive immunoinformatics approaches to design a trivalent subunit vaccine for induction of immune response against emerging human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, this study was conducted to combat major CoVs via a trivalent subunit vaccine, which was engineered by implementing sequences of spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), membrane (M) protein, non-structural protein (nsp) 3, and nsp8 antigens. The CTL, HTL, MHC I, and IFN-γ epitopes were predicted via CTLPRED, IEDB, and IFN epitope servers, respectively.

Pathophysiological roles of chronic low-grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal imbalance disease in reproductive-aged women. Its basic characteristics are ovulatory dysfunction and ovarian overproduction of androgens that lead to severe symptoms such as insulin resistance, hirsutism, infertility, and acne. Notwithstanding the disease burden, its underlying mechanisms remain unknown, and no causal therapeutic exists.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapies protect against coupled degeneration of the central nervous and vascular systems in stroke.

Stem cell-based treatments have been suggested as promising candidates for stroke. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as potential therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. In particular, clinical trial studies have suggested MSCs for stroke therapy.

Elevated expression of IL-18 but not IL-1β gene is associated with NALP3 and AIM2 inflammasome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Inflammasome complex mediated interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) production may be involved in immunopathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate involved inflammasome pathways in PCOS. Therefore, inflammasome genes expression and serum level of IL-1β were evaluated in 30 patients with confirmed PCOS and 30 women without PCOS.

Development of a conserved chimeric vaccine based on helper T-cell and CTL epitopes for induction of strong immune response against Schistosoma mansoni using immunoinformatics approaches.

Currently, three recombinant antigens based vaccines are under clinical trials against Schistosomiasis, but there is no vaccine available for prophylaxis or therapeutic. This study was conducted to construct a multi-epitope based vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni via utilizing Sm14, Sm21.7, Sm23, Sm29, Smp80, Sm-CB and SM-TSP-2 antigens.

Development a multi-epitope driven subunit vaccine for immune response reinforcement against Serogroup B of Neisseria meningitidis using comprehensive immunoinformatics approaches.

Serogroup B of Neisseria meningitidis is the main cause of mortality due to meningococcal meningitis. Despite of many investigations, there is still no effective vaccine to prevent this serious infection. Therefore, this study was conducted to design a multi-epitope based vaccine through immunoinformatics approaches.

Blockade of orexin receptor 1 attenuates the development of morphine tolerance and physical dependence in rats.

The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of pretreatment by orexin receptor-1 antagonist on the development of morphine tolerance and physical dependence in rat. Animals were rendered dependent on morphine by subcutaneous (SC) injection of morphine sulfate (10mg/kg) at set intervals of 12h for 10days. Just before the morphine administration, the animals received SB-334867, a selective orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) antagonist.