Polystyrene nanoplastics exacerbate gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in adult rat by activating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis pathways.

Nanoplastics (NPs) and pharmaceutical residues are environmental pollutants that can bioaccumulate in the food chain, thus increasing the risk of harmful effects due to concomitant exposure in both humans and animals. However, the impact of such co-exposure on target tissue toxicity and mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of combined exposure to widespread polystyrene NP (Ps-NP) contaminant and a widely used antibiotic, gentamicin (GEN) on nephrotoxicity in adult rat.