What is the diagnostic accuracy of red flags related to cauda equina syndrome (CES), when compared to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)? A systematic review.

Objective: To review and statistically pool available evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of red flags to clinically identify MRI confirmed Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES).

Study Design: Systematic review.

Data Sources: Embase, Scopus, Ovid Medline, Ovid Healthstar, Amed and CINAHL from inception to January 30, 2018 and a grey literature search.

A systematic review of instruments for the assessment of work-related psychosocial factors (Blue Flags) in individuals with non-specific low back pain.

In individuals with low back pain (LBP) psychosocial factors can act as obstacles to return to work. A coloured Flags Framework has been conceptualised, in which Blue Flags represent work-related psychosocial issues. This systematic review was conducted to appraise available instruments for the assessment of Blue Flags in working age adults with non-specific LBP.