Nutritional optimization of fecal microbiota transplantation in humans: a scoping review.

Diet constitutes a major source of nutrient flow to the gut microbes. As such, it can be used to help shape the gut microbiome. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an increasingly promising therapy in disease states beyond recurrent infection, but diet is largely overlooked for its potential to help optimize this therapy.

Assessing the Nutrient Content of Plant-Based Milk Alternative Products Available in the United States.

Background: Consumption of plant-based milk alternatives is increasing. Current dietary guidance primarily relies on dairy milk as a source of key nutrients of public health concern including calcium and vitamin D.

Objective: To compare the nutritional content of plant-based milk alternatives between categories (eg, soy, almond, and oat) and with dairy milk.

Dietary pattern and diversity analysis using DietDiveR in R: a cross-sectional evaluation in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background: There are few resources available for researchers aiming to conduct 24-h dietary record and recall analysis using R.

Objectives: We aimed to develop DietDiveR, which is a toolkit of functions written in R for the analysis of recall or record data collected with the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Dietary Assessment Tool or 2-d 24-h dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The R functions are intended for food and nutrition researchers who are not computational experts.

Diet-induced shifts in the gut microbiota influence anastomotic healing in a murine model of colonic surgery.

Host diet and gut microbiota interact to contribute to perioperative complications, including anastomotic leak (AL). Using a murine surgical model of colonic anastomosis, we investigated how diet and fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) impacted the intestinal microbiota and if a predictive signature for AL could be determined. We hypothesized that a Western diet (WD) would impact gut microbial composition and that the resulting dysbiosis would correlate with increased rates of AL, while FMT from healthy, lean diet (LD) donors would reduce the risk of AL.

Regular consumption of lacto-fermented vegetables has greater effects on the gut metabolome compared with the microbiome.

The industrialisation of Western food systems has reduced the regular consumption of lacto-fermented vegetables (LFV). Consuming LFV may exert health benefits through the alteration of the gut microbiome, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. To start understanding the possible benefits of LFV, we compared faecal microbial diversity and composition, as well as dietary habits between individuals who regularly consume LFV ( = 23) and those who do not ( = 24).

Diet-microbiome interactions in cancer treatment: Opportunities and challenges for precision nutrition in cancer.

Dietary patterns contribute to cancer risk. Separately, microbial factors influence the development of several cancers. However, the interaction of diet and the microbiome and their joint contribution to cancer treatment response needs more research.

A Guide to Dietary Pattern-Microbiome Data Integration.

The human gut microbiome is linked to metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk. Dietary modulation of the human gut microbiome offers an attractive pathway to manipulate the microbiome to prevent microbiome-related disease. However, this promise has not been realized.

Characterisation, procedures and heritability of acute dietary intake in the Twins UK cohort: an observational study.

Background: Estimated food records (EFR) are a common dietary assessment method. This investigation aimed to; (1) define the reporting quality of the EFR, (2) characterise acute dietary intake and eating behaviours, (3) describe diet heritability.

Methods: A total of 1974 one-day EFR were collected from 1858 participants in the TwinsUK cohort between 2012 and 2017.

Perspective: A Framework for Addressing Dynamic Food Consumption Processes.

The study of food consumption, diet, and related concepts is motivated by diverse goals, including understanding why food consumption impacts our health, and why we eat the foods we do. These varied motivations can make it challenging to define and measure consumption, as it can be specified across nearly infinite dimensions-from micronutrients to carbon footprint to food preparation. This challenge is amplified by the dynamic nature of food consumption processes, with the underlying phenomena of interest often based on the nature of repeated interactions with food occurring over time.

Dietary diversity contributes to microbiome associations in autism.

Research exploring the links between the microbiome and autism has inadequately considered the contribution of diet diversity. Recently in Cell, Yap et al. addressed the contribution of restrictive dietary patterns to microbiome diversity in autism and found that decreased dietary diversity shapes the microbiome more than previously appreciated.

Does caloric restriction prime the microbiome for pathogenic bacteria?

A recent study in Nature finds significant shifts in the gut microbiome of post-menopausal women on severe calorie restriction concomitant with weight loss. Microbiota transplantation to germ-free mice display a similar weight loss, along with a bloom in C. difficile, unlocking clues to microbial metabolic alteration in weight loss.

Saliva Testing Is Accurate for Early-Stage and Presymptomatic COVID-19.

Although nasopharyngeal samples have been considered the gold standard for COVID-19 testing, variability in viral load across different anatomical sites could cause nasopharyngeal samples to be less sensitive than saliva or nasal samples in certain cases. Self-collected samples have logistical advantages over nasopharyngeal samples, making them amenable to population-scale screening. To evaluate sampling alternatives for population screening, we collected nasopharyngeal, saliva, and nasal samples from two cohorts with varied levels and types of symptoms.

Multi-Omics Analyses Show Disease, Diet, and Transcriptome Interactions With the Virome.

Background & Aims: The gut virome includes eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages that can shape the gut bacterial community and elicit host responses. The virome can be implicated in diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where gut bacteria play an important role in pathogenesis. We provide a comprehensive and longitudinal characterization of the virome, including DNA and RNA viruses and paired multi-omics data in a cohort of healthy subjects and patients with IBS.

Wild primate microbiomes prevent weight gain in germ-free mice.

Background: The gut microbiome harbors trillions of bacteria that play a major role in dietary nutrient extraction and host metabolism. Metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are associated with shifts in microbiome composition and have been on the rise in Westernized or highly industrialized countries. At the same time, Westernized diets low in dietary fiber have been shown to cause loss of gut microbial diversity.

Longitudinal Multi-omics Reveals Subset-Specific Mechanisms Underlying Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

The gut microbiome has been implicated in multiple human chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Determining its mechanistic role in disease has been difficult due to apparent disconnects between animal and human studies and lack of an integrated multi-omics view of disease-specific physiological changes. We integrated longitudinal multi-omics data from the gut microbiome, metabolome, host epigenome, and transcriptome in the context of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) host physiology.

A Guide to Diet-Microbiome Study Design.

Intense recent interest in understanding how the human gut microbiome influences health has kindled a concomitant interest in linking dietary choices to microbiome variation. Diet is known to be a driver of microbiome variation, and yet the precise mechanisms by which certain dietary components modulate the microbiome, and by which the microbiome produces byproducts and secondary metabolites from dietary components, are not well-understood. Interestingly, despite the influence of diet on the gut microbiome, the majority of microbiome studies published to date contain little or no analysis of dietary intake.

Use of Exclusive Enteral Formula Diet as Adjunctive Therapy for Treatment of a Crohn's Disease Flare.

Introduction: We report the case of an adult patient who achieved remission of a Crohn's disease flare after treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition as adjunctive therapy to medication.

Case Report: A 46-year-old man with severe, stricturing Crohn's presented for severe abdominal pain and weight loss; estimated Crohn's Disease Activity Index score greater than 300. Antibiotics, vedolizumab, budesonide, and exclusive enteral nutrition diet were instituted.