First report of a chemokine from camelids: Dromedary CXCL8 is induced by poxvirus and heavy metal toxicity.

Low molecular weight proteins, known as chemokines, facilitate the migration and localization of immune cells to the site of infection and injury. One of the first chemokines identified, CXCL8 functions as a key neutrophil activator, recruiting neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Several viral infections, including zoonotic coronaviruses and poxviruses, have been reported to induce the expression of CXCL8.

Viperin from the dromedary camel: First report of an antiviral interferon-responsive gene from camelids.

Viral infections activate pattern recognition receptors in the host, triggering an innate immune response that involves the production of interferons, which, in turn, stimulates the expression of antiviral effector genes. Viperin is one of the most highly induced interferon-stimulated genes and displays broad antiviral activity, especially against tick-borne viruses. Of late, camelid-borne zoonotic viruses have been on the rise in the Arabian Peninsula, but research into camelid antiviral effector genes has been limited.

Novel type-I interferons from the dromedary camel: Molecular identification, prokaryotic expression and functional characterization of camelid interferon-delta.

The last two decades have seen the emergence of three highly pathogenic coronaviruses with zoonotic origins, which prompted immediate attention to the underlying cause and prevention of future outbreaks. Intensification of camel husbandry in the Middle East has resulted in increased human-camel interactions, which has led to the spread of potentially zoonotic viruses with human spillover risks like MERS-coronavirus, camelpox virus, etc. Type-I interferons function as the first line of defense against invading viruses and are pivotal for limiting viral replication and immune-mediated pathologies.

Beta interferons from the extant camelids: Unique among eutherian mammals.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call on the zoonotic viral spillover events and the need to be prepared for future outbreaks. Zoonotic RNA viruses like the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potential pathogens that could trigger the next pandemic. Dromedary camels are the only known animal source of MERS-CoV zoonotic infections, but little is known about the molecular antiviral response in this species.

Nucleic Acid and Immunological Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2: Processes, Platforms and Pitfalls.

Accurate diagnosis at an early stage of infection is essential for the successful management of any contagious disease. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is a pandemic that has affected 214 countries affecting more than 37.4 million people causing 1.

Camelid type I interferons: Identification and functional characterization of interferon alpha from the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Investigations into the molecular immune response of dromedary camel, a key livestock species of the arid, have been limited due to the lack of species-specific reagents. Here we describe for the first time, the identification and characterization of type I IFNs of dromedary camel, which are the most important cytokines in the innate host immune response against viruses. We cloned camel IFN-α coding sequences and identified a total of eleven subtypes.

Identification of interleukin-26 in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius): Evidence of alternative splicing and isolation of novel splice variants.

Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines. Though conserved across vertebrates, the IL-26 gene is functionally inactivated in a few mammals like rat, mouse and horse. We report here the identification, isolation and cloning of the cDNA of IL-26 from the dromedary camel.

Impaired cross-presentation of CD8α+ CD11c+ dendritic cells by Japanese encephalitis virus in a TLR2/MyD88 signal pathway-dependent manner.

Cross-presentation is the pathway by which exogenous antigens are routed for presentation by MHC class I molecules leading to activation of antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses. However, there is little information describing the modulation of cross-presentation and the impact of pathogen-derived signals associated with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is one of the most common causes of encephalitis in humans. In this study, we demonstrate that JEV infection could suppress in vivo cross-presentation of soluble and cell-associated antigens, thereby generating weak CD8(+) T-cell responses to exogenous antigens, as evaluated by CFSE dilution of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells and in vivo CTL killing activity.

Multifront assault on antigen presentation by Japanese encephalitis virus subverts CD8+ T cell responses.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a frequent cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. However, there is little information describing the mechanisms by which JEV subverts immune responses that may predispose the host to secondary infections. In this study, we found that JEV induced the subversion of CD8(+) T cell responses in a transient manner that was closely correlated with viral multiplication.

Functional modulation of dendritic cells and macrophages by Japanese encephalitis virus through MyD88 adaptor molecule-dependent and -independent pathways.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent initiators of T cell-mediated immunity that undergo maturation during viral infections. However, few reports describing the interactions of DCs with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which remains the most frequent cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis, are available. In this study, we investigated the interaction of JEV with DCs and macrophages.

Polarization of protective immunity induced by replication-incompetent adenovirus expressing glycoproteins of pseudorabies virus.

Replication-incompetent adenoviruses expressing three major glycoproteins (gB, gC, and gD) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) were constructed and used to examine the ability of these glycoproteins to induce protective immunity against a lethal challenge. Among three constructs, recombinant adenovirus expressing gB (rAd-gB) was found to induce the most potent immunity biased to Th1-type, as determined by the IgG isotype ratio and the profile of the Th1/Th2 cytokine production. Conversely, the gC-expressing adenovirus (rAd-gC) revealed Th2-type immunity and the gD-expressing adenovirus (rAd-gD) induced lower levels of IFN-? and IL-4 production than other constructs, except IL-2 production.

Protective immunity induced by systemic and mucosal delivery of DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B of pseudorabies virus.

A murine model immunized by systemic and mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B (pCIgB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used to evaluate both the nature of the induced immunity and protection against a virulent virus. With regard to systemic delivery, the intramuscular (i.m.

Intracellular CD154 expression reflects antigen-specific CD8+ t cells but shows less sensitivity than intracellular cytokine and MHC tetramer staining.

A recent report showed that analysis of CD154 expression in the presence of the secretion inhibitor Brefeldin A (Bref A) could be used to assess the entire repertoire of antigen-specific CD4(+) T helper cells. However, the capacity of intracellular CD154 expression to identify antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells has yet to be investigated. In this study, we compared the ability of intracellular CD154 expression to assess antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells with that of accepted standard assays, namely intracellular cytokine IFN-gamma staining (ICS) and MHC class I tetramer staining.

Correlation between the nature of immunity induced by different immunogens and the establishment of latent infection by wild-type pseudorabies virus.

To assess the correlation between the nature of immunity induced by different types of immunogens and the establishment of latent infection by wild-type pseudorabies virus (PrV), we used a murine model immunized with different immunogens, the PrV modified live vaccine (MLV), inactivated vaccine (IAV), and commercial oil-adjuvant subunit vaccine (OSV), via either intranasal (i.n.) or intramuscular (i.

Modulation of immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B of Pseudorabies Virus via coadministration of IFN-gamma-associated cytokines.

The immunomodulatory efficacy of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-associated cytokines coadministered with a plasmid DNA vaccine has been investigated, with variable results. Therefore, to test the immunomodulatory effect of IFN-gamma-associated cytokines as vaccine adjuvant, the present study evaluated the immune responses induced by pseudorabies virus (PrV) gB-encoded plasmid DNA vaccine coadministered with IFN-gamma-associated cytokines and chemokines. These cytokines and chemokines included interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18, as potent inducers of IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein (IP-10), the production of which is IFN-gamma dependent.

Systemic and mucosal immunity induced by oral somatic transgene vaccination against glycoprotein B of pseudorabies virus using live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium.

Glycoprotein B mediates the absorption and penetration of the pseudorabies virus in the form of an immunodominant Ag, and represents a major target for the development of new vaccines. This study evaluated the efficiency of live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium SL7207 for the oral delivery of DNA vaccine encoding the pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B (pCI-PrVgB) in vivo, leading to the generation of both systemic and mucosal immunity against the pseudorabies virus Ag. An oral transgene vaccination of pCI-PrVgB using a Salmonella carrier produced a broad spectrum of immunity at both the systemic and mucosal sites, whereas the intramuscular administration of a naked DNA vaccine elicited no mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig)A response.

Differential segregation of protective immunity by encoded antigen in DNA vaccine against pseudorabies virus.

A murine model immunized with plasmid DNA vaccine expressing three glycoproteins pCIgB, pCIgC and pCIgD were used to examine the relative potency of major glycoproteins as well as the contribution of immunological parameters in providing protective immunity against the pseudorabies virus (PrV). Among the three glycoprotein-encoded plasmid DNA vaccines, pCIgB produced the strongest response of PrV-specific IgG in the sera. pCIgB and pCIgD also induced a contrast pattern of immunity that was biased to the Th1 and Th2 types, respectively.

Investigation of pseudorabies virus latency in nervous tissues of seropositive pigs exposed to field strain.

The prevalence and quantity of latent pseudorabies virus (PrV) in nervous tissues of pigs exposed to field strain in Korea was investigated by nested and real-time PCR. Nervous tissues including trigeminal ganglion (TG), olfactory bulb (OB), and brain stem (BS) were collected from 94 seropositive pigs. PrV latent infection in nervous tissues was initially investigated by nested PCR targeting three glycoprotein genes (gB, gE, and gG).

Cytokine GM-CSF genetic adjuvant facilitates prophylactic DNA vaccine against pseudorabies virus through enhanced immune responses.

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulatory factor (GM-CSF) is an attractive adjuvant for a DNA vaccine on account of its ability to recruit antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the site of antigen synthesis as well as its ability to stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). This study evaluated the utility of GM-CSF cDNA as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for glycoprotein B (gB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) in a murine model. The co-injection of GM-CSF DNA enhanced the levels of serum PrV-specific IgG with a 1.

Molecular survey of latent pseudorabies virus infection in nervous tissues of slaughtered pigs by nested and real-time PCR.

In this study, the prevalence and quantity of a latent pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection in the nervous tissues of randomly selected pigs was determined via nested and real-time PCR. The nervous tissues, including the trigeminal ganglion (TG), olfactory bulb (OB), and brain stem (BS), were collected from the heads of 40 randomly selected pigs. The majority of the nervous tissues from the selected pigs evidenced a positively amplified band on nested PCR.

Inhibition of Anatid Herpes Virus-1 replication by small interfering RNAs in cell culture system.

RNA interference (RNAi) mediated by double stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing. It is projected as a potential tool to inhibit viral replication. In the present paper, we demonstrate the suppression of replication of an avian herpes virus (Anatid Herpes Virus-1, AHV-1) by siRNA mediated gene silencing in avian cells.