Design of a Liquid Impregnated Surface with a Stable Lubricant Layer in a Mixed Water/Oil Environment for Low Hydrate Adhesion.

Clathrate hydrate is a naturally occurring icelike solid that forms in the water phase under suitable temperature and pressure conditions in the presence of one or more hydrophobic molecules. It also forms inside the oil and gas pipes, leading to higher pumping cost, flow blockage, and even catastrophic accidents. Engineered surfaces with low hydrate adhesion can provide an effective solution to this problem.