Safety and efficacy of total intraluminal topical anaesthesia for ureteroscopy. Is success worth the pain?

Background: Ureteroscopic management of ureteral calculi using topical anaesthesia has been described. Most studies topically anaesthetized the urethra or urinary bladder by instilling 2% of plain lignocaine. In addition to the success rate, the pain perception in these studies was reported subjectively using non-standard criteria.