Spatial resolution enhancement using deep learning improves chest disease diagnosis based on thick slice CT.

CT is crucial for diagnosing chest diseases, with image quality affected by spatial resolution. Thick-slice CT remains prevalent in practice due to cost considerations, yet its coarse spatial resolution may hinder accurate diagnoses. Our multicenter study develops a deep learning synthetic model with Convolutional-Transformer hybrid encoder-decoder architecture for generating thin-slice CT from thick-slice CT on a single center (1576 participants) and access the synthetic CT on three cross-regional centers (1228 participants).

DART: DEFORMABLE ANATOMY-AWARE REGISTRATION TOOLKIT FOR LUNG CT REGISTRATION WITH KEYPOINTS SUPERVISION.

Spatially aligning two computed tomography (CT) scans of the lung using automated image registration techniques is a challenging task due to the deformable nature of the lung. However, existing deep-learning-based lung CT registration models are not trained with explicit anatomical knowledge. We propose the deformable anatomy-aware registration toolkit (DART), a masked autoencoder (MAE)-based approach, to improve the keypoint-supervised registration of lung CTs.

ACR Lung-RADS v2022: Assessment Categories and Management Recommendations.

The American College of Radiology created the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) in 2014 to standardize the reporting and management of screen-detected pulmonary nodules. Lung-RADS was updated to version 1.1 in 2019 and revised size thresholds for nonsolid nodules, added classification criteria for perifissural nodules, and allowed for short-interval follow-up of rapidly enlarging nodules that may be infectious in etiology.

Comparing Lung Cancer Screening Strategies in a Nationally Representative US Population Using Transportability Methods for the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial.

Importance: The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) found that screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (CT) reduced lung cancer-specific and all-cause mortality compared with chest radiography. It is uncertain whether these results apply to a nationally representative target population.

Objective: To extend inferences about the effects of lung cancer screening strategies from the NLST to a nationally representative target population of NLST-eligible US adults.

ACR Lung-RADS v2022: Assessment Categories and Management Recommendations.

The ACR created the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) in 2014 to standardize the reporting and management of screen-detected pulmonary nodules. Lung-RADS was updated to version 1.1 in 2019 and revised size thresholds for nonsolid nodules, added classification criteria for perifissural nodules, and allowed for short-interval follow-up of rapidly enlarging nodules that may be infectious in etiology.

Expanding Role of Advanced Image Analysis in CT-detected Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules and Early Lung Cancer Characterization.

The implementation of low-dose chest CT for lung screening presents a crucial opportunity to advance lung cancer care through early detection and interception. In addition, millions of pulmonary nodules are incidentally detected annually in the United States, increasing the opportunity for early lung cancer diagnosis. Yet, realization of the full potential of these opportunities is dependent on the ability to accurately analyze image data for purposes of nodule classification and early lung cancer characterization.

The Liquid Biopsy Consortium: Challenges and opportunities for early cancer detection and monitoring.

The emerging field of liquid biopsy stands at the forefront of novel diagnostic strategies for cancer and other diseases. Liquid biopsy allows minimally invasive molecular characterization of cancers for diagnosis, patient stratification to therapy, and longitudinal monitoring. Liquid biopsy strategies include detection and monitoring of circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, and extracellular vesicles.

Simulation and validation studies of a large drift tube muon tracker.

Cosmic ray muons are massive, charged particles created from high energy cosmic rays colliding with atomic nuclei in Earth's atmosphere. Because of their high momenta and weak interaction, these muons can penetrate through large thicknesses of dense material before being absorbed, making them ideal for nondestructive imaging of objects composed of high-Z elements. A Giant Muon Tracker with two horizontal 8 × 6 in.

Single-Cell Characterization of Pulmonary Nodules Implicates Suppression of Immunosurveillance across Early Stages of Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Unlabelled: A greater understanding of molecular, cellular, and immunological changes during the early stages of lung adenocarcinoma development could improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in patients with pulmonary nodules at risk for lung cancer. To elucidate the immunopathogenesis of early lung tumorigenesis, we evaluated surgically resected pulmonary nodules representing the spectrum of early lung adenocarcinoma as well as associated normal lung tissues using single-cell RNA sequencing and validated the results by flow cytometry and multiplex immunofluorescence (MIF). Single-cell transcriptomics revealed a significant decrease in gene expression associated with cytolytic activities of tumor-infiltrating natural killer and natural killer T cells.

Factors Associated With Nonadherence to Lung Cancer Screening Across Multiple Screening Time Points.

Importance: Screening with low-dose computed tomography (CT) has been shown to reduce mortality from lung cancer in randomized clinical trials in which the rate of adherence to follow-up recommendations was over 90%; however, adherence to Lung Computed Tomography Screening Reporting & Data System (Lung-RADS) recommendations has been low in practice. Identifying patients who are at risk of being nonadherent to screening recommendations may enable personalized outreach to improve overall screening adherence.

Objective: To identify factors associated with patient nonadherence to Lung-RADS recommendations across multiple screening time points.

Capturing Demographic, Health-Related, and Psychosocial Variables in a Standardized Manner: Towards Improving Cancer Screening Adherence.

Determining factors influencing patient participation in and adherence to cancer screening recommendations is key to successful cancer screening programs. However, the collection of variables necessary to anticipate patient behavior in cancer screening has not been systematically examined. Using lung cancer screening as a representative example, we conducted an exploratory analysis to characterize the current representations of 18 demographic, health-related, and psychosocial variables collected as part of a conceptual model to understand factors for lung cancer screening participation and adherence.

Bronchial gene expression alterations associated with radiological bronchiectasis.

Objectives: Discovering airway gene expression alterations associated with radiological bronchiectasis may improve the understanding of the pathobiology of early-stage bronchiectasis.

Methods: Presence of radiological bronchiectasis in 173 individuals without a clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis was evaluated. Bronchial brushings from these individuals were transcriptomically profiled and analysed.

NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Lung Cancer Screening, Version 1.2022.

The NCCN Guidelines for Lung Cancer Screening recommend criteria for selecting individuals for screening and provide recommendations for evaluation and follow-up of lung nodules found during initial and subsequent screening. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent updates to the NCCN Guidelines for Lung Cancer Screening.

Patient Adherence to Lung CT Screening Reporting & Data System-Recommended Screening Intervals in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lung cancer screening (LCS) is effective in reducing mortality, particularly when patients adhere to follow-up recommendations standardized by the Lung CT Screening Reporting & Data System (Lung-RADS). Nevertheless, patient adherence to recommended intervals varies, potentially diminishing benefit from screening. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient adherence to Lung-RADS-recommended screening intervals.