Naloxone Administration and Survival in Overdoses Involving Opioids and Stimulants: An Analysis of Law Enforcement Data from 63 Pennsylvania Counties.

Background: In consideration of rising opioid-stimulant deaths in the United States, this study explored rates of naloxone administration and survival in suspected opioid overdoses with, versus without, stimulants co-involved.

Methods: The study analyzed 26,635 suspected opioid-involved overdoses recorded by law enforcement/first-responders in the Pennsylvania Overdose Information Network in 63 Pennsylvania counties, January 2018-July 2024. All measures, including suspected drug involvement, were based on first-responder assessment/report.