Methane emissions from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks.

The amount of methane released to the atmosphere from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks remains uncertain, as reflected in a wide range of estimates. A lack of information regarding the temporal variation in atmospheric emissions has made it challenging to reconcile pipeline volumetric (bottom-up) estimates with measurement-based (top-down) estimates. Here we simulate pipeline rupture emission rates and integrate these with methane dissolution and sea-surface outgassing estimates to model the evolution of atmospheric emissions from the leaks.

Assessing the Relative Importance of Satellite-Detected Methane Superemitters in Quantifying Total Emissions for Oil and Gas Production Areas in Algeria.

Methane emissions from oil and gas production provide an important contribution to global warming. We investigate 2020 emissions from the largest gas field in Algeria, Hassi R'Mel, and the oil-production-dominated area Hassi Messaoud. We use methane data from the high-resolution (20 m) Sentinel-2 instruments to identify and estimate emission time series for 11 superemitters (including 10 unlit flares).

Record-high CO emissions from boreal fires in 2021.

Extreme wildfires are becoming more common and increasingly affecting Earth's climate. Wildfires in boreal forests have attracted much less attention than those in tropical forests, although boreal forests are one of the most extensive biomes on Earth and are experiencing the fastest warming. We used a satellite-based atmospheric inversion system to monitor fire emissions in boreal forests.

Using satellites to uncover large methane emissions from landfills.

As atmospheric methane concentrations increase at record pace, it is critical to identify individual emission sources with high potential for mitigation. Here, we leverage the synergy between satellite instruments with different spatiotemporal coverage and resolution to detect and quantify emissions from individual landfills. We use the global surveying Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to identify large emission hot spots and then zoom in with high-resolution target-mode observations from the GHGSat instrument suite to identify the responsible facilities and characterize their emissions.

Satellites Detect Abatable Super-Emissions in One of the World's Largest Methane Hotspot Regions.

Reduction of fossil fuel-related methane emissions has been identified as an essential means for climate change mitigation, but emission source identification remains elusive for most oil and gas production basins in the world. We combine three complementary satellite data sets to survey single methane emission sources on the west coast of Turkmenistan, one of the largest methane hotspots in the world. We found 29 different emitters, with emission rates >1800 kg/h, active in the 2017-2020 time period, although older satellite data show that this type of emission has been occurring for decades.

Methane Emissions from Superemitting Coal Mines in Australia Quantified Using TROPOMI Satellite Observations.

Two years of satellite observations were used to quantify methane emissions from coal mines in Queensland, the largest coal-producing state in Australia. The six analyzed surface and underground coal mines are estimated to emit 570 ± 98 Gg a in 2018-2019. Together, they account for 7% of the national coal production while emitting 55 ± 10% of the reported methane emission from coal mining in Australia.

Vast CO release from Australian fires in 2019-2020 constrained by satellite.

Southeast Australia experienced intensive and geographically extensive wildfires during the 2019-2020 summer season. The fires released substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, existing emission estimates based on fire inventories are uncertain, and vary by up to a factor of four for this event.

Satellite-based survey of extreme methane emissions in the Permian basin.

Industrial emissions play a major role in the global methane budget. The Permian basin is thought to be responsible for almost half of the methane emissions from all U.S.

Quantifying methane emissions from the largest oil-producing basin in the United States from space.

Using new satellite observations and atmospheric inverse modeling, we report methane emissions from the Permian Basin, which is among the world's most prolific oil-producing regions and accounts for >30% of total U.S. oil production.

Satellite observations reveal extreme methane leakage from a natural gas well blowout.

Methane emissions due to accidents in the oil and natural gas sector are very challenging to monitor, and hence are seldom considered in emission inventories and reporting. One of the main reasons is the lack of measurements during such events. Here we report the detection of large methane emissions from a gas well blowout in Ohio during February to March 2018 in the total column methane measurements from the spaceborne Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI).

A one-year follow-up study into the course of depression after stroke.

Background: Stroke patients commonly suffer from neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, that negatively influence stroke outcome. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of post-stroke psychiatric disorders including depression are under debate.

Objective: To study the course of depression after stroke.

Dynamic processes governing lower-tropospheric HDO/H2O ratios as observed from space and ground.

The hydrological cycle and its response to environmental variability such as temperature changes is of prime importance for climate reconstruction and prediction. We retrieved deuterated water/water (HDO/H2O) abundances using spaceborne absorption spectroscopy, providing an almost global perspective on the near-surface distribution of water vapor isotopologs. We observed an unexpectedly high HDO/H2O seasonality in the inner Sahel region, pointing to a strong isotopic depletion in the subsiding branch of the Hadley circulation and its misrepresentation in general circulation models.

Retrievals of atmospheric CO2 from simulated space-borne measurements of backscattered near-infrared sunlight: accounting for aerosol effects.

Retrievals of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) from space-borne measurements of backscattered near-infrared sunlight are hampered by aerosol and cirrus cloud scattering effects. We propose a retrieval approach that allows for the retrieval of a few effective aerosol parameters simultaneously with the CO2 total column by parameterizing particle amount, height distribution, and microphysical properties. Two implementations of the proposed method covering different spectral bands are tested for an ensemble of simulated nadir observations for aerosol (and cirrus) loaded scenes over low- and mid-latitudinal land surfaces.

The symptomatology of post-stroke depression: comparison of stroke and myocardial infarction patients.

Background: Depression is a frequent problem in stroke patients but, all too often, the problem goes unrecognized. How depression-like symptoms in post-stroke depression (PSD) should be interpreted is still subject to debate. If PSD has a distinct symptom profile of depression accompanying other chronic vascular somatic conditions then this could imply that PSD is a specific disease entity.

General and disease-specific risk factors for depression after ischemic stroke: a two-step Cox regression analysis.

Background: Post-stroke depression (PSD) frequently complicates stroke and is associated with an impaired functional outcome, more severe cognitive deficits, a reduced quality of life, and a higher mortality. The aim of this study was to assess whether general risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) in the community are also risk factors for PSD, and to identify additional, stroke-related risk factors.

Methods: In a hospital setting, 190 consecutively admitted patients were assessed for MDD 1 month after stroke, and at follow-up after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.

Depression after a cerebrovascular accident. The importance of the integration of neurobiological and psychosocial pathogenic models.

Stroke survivors frequently suffer from depression. Research has focused on the incidence, phenomenology, course and risk factors of poststroke depression (PSD). Special attention has been paid to biological explanatory models, such as the lesion location and vascular depression hypotheses.

Focal or generalized vascular brain damage and vulnerability to depression after stroke: a 1-year prospective follow-up study.

Background: Both the lesion location hypothesis and the vascular depression hypothesis have been proposed to explain the high incidence of depression in stroke patients. However, research studying both hypotheses in a single cohort is, at present, scarce.

Objective: To test the independent effects of lesion location (left hemisphere, anterior region) and of co-occurring generalized vascular damage on the development of depression in the first year after ischemic stroke, while other risk factors for depression are controlled for.

Molecules with large-amplitude torsional motion partially oriented in a nematic liquid crystal: ethane and isotopomers.

An NMR study on ethane and five isotopomers dissolved in the nematic liquid crystal Merck ZLI 1132 is performed. A consistent set of dipolar and quadrupolar couplings is obtained. The dipolar couplings are corrected for harmonic vibrational effects, while the contribution from the torsional motion is incorporated classically.

Validation of space-based polarization measurements by use of a single-scattering approximation, with application to the global ozone monitoring experiment.

A method is presented for in-flight validation of space-based polarization measurements based on approximation of the direction of polarization of scattered sunlight by the Rayleigh single-scattering value. This approximation is verified by simulations of radiative transfer calculations for various atmospheric conditions. The simulations show locations along an orbit where the scattering geometries are such that the intensities of the parallel and orthogonal polarization components of the light are equal, regardless of the observed atmosphere and surface.

A comparative study into the one year cumulative incidence of depression after stroke and myocardial infarction.

Background: The high incidence of post-stroke depression has been claimed to reflect a specific, stroke related pathogenesis in which lesion location plays an important role. To substantiate this claim, post-stroke depression should occur more often than depression after another acute, life threatening, disabling disease that does not involve cerebrovascular damage.

Objectives: To compare the cumulative one year incidence of depression after stroke and after myocardial infarction, taking into consideration differences in age, sex, and the level of handicap.

Personality and vulnerability to depression in stroke patients: a 1-year prospective follow-up study.

Background And Purpose: Depression is a frequent sequela of stroke that negatively interferes with rehabilitation outcome. Personality traits have been neglected as potential vulnerability factors for poststroke depression (PSD). In a 1-year prospective study, the influence of the 5 main personality traits (ie, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) on the development of PSD was studied.

Validity of the beck depression inventory, hospital anxiety and depression scale, SCL-90, and hamilton depression rating scale as screening instruments for depression in stroke patients.

Most instruments used to assess poststroke depression have never been specifically validated in stroke patients. This study evaluated the depression screening abilities of three questionnaires and one observer-rated scale in 202 consecutive patients 1 month after they experienced their first-ever ischemic stroke. At their respective optimum cutoff values, the sensitivity of the self-rated scales varied between 80% and 90%, while the specificity was about 60%.

Research into the specificity of depression after stroke: a review on an unresolved issue.

Iwo decades of research have failed to generate consistent insight into the specificity of poststroke depression (PSD). This is, at least in part, caused by methodological difficulties. Differences in symptom profile between PSD and depression with no or another medical cause were described, but no specific and unequivocal clinical picture has been established so far.