Intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β: Antinociceptive properties and morphine tolerance reversal in a cancer-associated pain model.

Cancer-related pain is considered one of the most prevalent symptoms for those affected by cancer, significantly influencing quality of life and treatment outcomes. Morphine is currently employed for analgesic treatment in this case, however, chronic use of this opioid is limited by the development of analgesic tolerance and adverse effects, such as digestive and neurological disorders. Alternative therapies, such as ion channel blockade, are explored.

Sertraline associated with gold nanoparticles reduce cellular toxicity and induce sex-specific responses in behavior and neuroinflammation biomarkers in a mouse model of anxiety.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sertraline associated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in vitro cell viability and in vivo behavior and inflammatory biomarkers in a mouse model of anxiety. Sertraline associated with AuNPs were synthesized and characterized. For the in vitro study, NIH3T3 and HT-22 cells were treated with different doses of sertraline, AuNPs, and sertraline + AuNPs and their viability was evaluated using the MTT assay.

ABO Blood Type and Metabolic Markers in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To evaluate the effect of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus on the function and metabolic changes, as well as the relationship of the virus with blood groups. This cross-sectional study included a matched sample of adult individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( = 114) or without (controls;  = 236). Blood samples were collected and processed for triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood typing analysis.

Beneficial effects and neurobiological aspects of environmental enrichment associated to major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

A suitable enriched environment favors development but can also influence behavior and neuronal circuits throughout development. Studies have shown that environmental enrichment (EE) can be used as an essential tool or combined with conventional treatments to improve psychiatric and neurological symptoms, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both disorders affect a significant percentage of the wofrld's population and have complex pathophysiology.

Natural Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Mini-Review of Pre- and Clinical Studies.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common mental illness that causes significant disability and declining quality of life. An overlap of multiple factors can be involved in the pathophysiology of this mood disorder, including increased inflammation and oxidative stress, change in neurotransmitters, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), activation of the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis, and changes in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Although the classic treatment for MDD is safe, it is far from ideal, with delay to start the best clinic, side effects, and a large number of non-responses or partial-responses.

Combination of electroconvulsive stimulation with ketamine or escitalopram protects the brain against inflammation and oxidative stress induced by maternal deprivation and is critical for associated behaviors in male and female rats.

This study aimed at evaluating the treatment effects with ketamine, electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), escitalopram, alone or in combination in adult rats of both sexes, subjected to the animal model of maternal deprivation (MD). All groups were subjected to the forced swimming test (FST), splash and open field tests. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and serum were collected to analyze oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters.

Sex differences on the behavior and oxidative stress after ketamine treatment in adult rats subjected to early life stress.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ketamine, on behavioral parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the brain of male and female rats submitted to the animal model of maternal deprivation (MD). Wistar rats were deprived of maternal care in the first 10 days of life (three hours daily). As adults, male and female rats were divided: control + saline deprived + saline and deprived + ketamine (15 mg/kg).

Behavior and oxidative stress parameters in rats subjected to the animal's models induced by chronic mild stress and 6-hydroxydopamine.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illness also affecting older adults. Recent evidence suggests a relationship between MDD and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Individuals with PD have a predisposition to developing MDD, and both neurobiological conditions are associated with oxidative stress.

Ketamine treatment protects against oxidative damage and the immunological response induced by electroconvulsive therapy.

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often recommended for major depressive disorder (MDD) for those who do not respond to the first and second antidepressant trials. A combination of two therapies could improve antidepressant efficacy. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of ECT combined to antidepressants with a different mechanism of action.

Strategies for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Lessons Learned from Animal Models.

Around 300 million individuals are affected by major depressive disorder (MDD) in the world. Despite this high number of affected individuals, more than 50% of patients do not respond to antidepressants approved to treat MDD. Patients with MDD that do not respond to 2 or more first-line antidepressant treatments are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Early Maternal Deprivation Induces Microglial Activation, Alters Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase during the Development of Offspring Rats.

Maternal deprivation (MD) induces behavioral changes and impacts brain circuits that could be associated with the pathophysiology of depression. This study investigated the markers of microglia and astrocyte activation as well as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in developmental programming after early life MD (on postnatal days (PNDs) 20, 30, 40, and 60). On PND 60, the rats that were subjected to MD displayed depressive-like behavior.

ω-3 and folic acid act against depressive-like behavior and oxidative damage in the brain of rats subjected to early- or late-life stress.

Objectives: To investigate the antidepressant and antioxidant effects of omega-3, folic acid and n-acetylcysteine (NAC) in rats which were subjected to early or late life stress.

Methods: Early stress was induced through maternal deprivation (MD), while late life stress was induced using the chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol. Young rats which were subjected to MD and the adult rats which were subjected to CMS were treated with omega-3 fatty acids (0.

Acute treatment with ketamine and chronic treatment with minocycline exert antidepressant-like effects and antioxidant properties in rats subjected different stressful events.

Despite decades of research, the fundamental neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the major depressive disorder (MDD) are still poorly understood, and current antidepressant treatments have limited clinical efficacy. In clinical conditions, the rapprochement between the disease and the corrective actions of drugs in laboratory animals is essential for developing effective therapies. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant effects of ketamine (N-metil-d-asparte (NMDA) receptor antagonist), minocycline (tetracycline antibiotic), and amitriptyline (classical antidepressant), on behavior and oxidative stress parameters in animals submitted to the chronic mild stress (CMS) and maternal deprivation protocols.

Mechanism of synergistic action on behavior, oxidative stress and inflammation following co-treatment with ketamine and different antidepressant classes.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects many people in the world. However, around 40% of patients do not respond to any pharmacological drugs. An alternative is to use a combination of different pharmacological groups or the combination of a classical antidepressant with a substance that can potentiate its effect.

Early life experience contributes to the developmental programming of depressive-like behaviour, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

This study used an animal model of depression induced by maternal care deprivation (MCD) to investigate whether depressive behaviour, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were underlying factors in developmental programming after early life stress. At postnatal days (PND) 20, 30, 40, and 60, individual subsets of animals were evaluated in behavioural tests and then euthanized to assess cytokine levels and oxidative stress parameters in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and serum. The results showed that MCD did not induce behavioural changes at PND 30 and 40.

Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the relationship between diabetes and major depressive disorder.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are diseases that are expanding globally. Separately, each presents with several comorbidities for patients. When the two diseases present simultaneously in the same subject, there is a drastic worsening in the quality of life of the patient.

The impact of chronic mild stress on long-term depressive behavior in rats which have survived sepsis.

The present study was created to investigate the effects of chronic mild stress (CMS) on the depressive behavior and neurochemical parameters of rats that were subjected to sepsis. Wistar rats were subjected to a CMS protocol, and sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). The animals were then divided into 4 separate groups; Control + Sham (n = 20), Control + CLP (n = 30), CMS + Sham (n = 20) and CMS + CLP (n = 30).

Acute and chronic treatment with quetiapine induces antidepressant-like behavior and exerts antioxidant effects in the rat brain.

Many studies note that changes in oxidative balance are involved in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the success of some antidepressants. Quetiapine exerts a therapeutic response and induces changes in physiological mechanisms that appear to underlie MDD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant and antioxidant effects of quetiapine (20 mg /kg) in adult animals.

Immune System Modulators with Antidepressant Effects: Evidence from Animal Models.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, and currently, approximately 340 million people worldwide suffer from depression at some point in life. In view of the growing socio-economic and clinical impact, several studies have focused on the etiopathology of MDD, suggesting that not only the monoaminergic system but also other brain mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Recent studies have shown a link between inflammation and MDD and have also demonstrated that antidepressants and antiinflammatory drugs can act to reduce inflammation, thereby improving depressive symptoms.

LC/QTOF profile and preliminary stability studies of an enriched flavonoid fraction of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul leaves with potential antidepressant-like activity.

There is increasing interest in natural antioxidants that are candidates for the prevention of brain damage occurring in major depressive disorders. Cecropia pachystachya is a tropical tree species of Central and South America and a rich source of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. The aim of this study was to characterize the flavonoid profile of an enriched flavonoid fraction of C.

Effects of ketamine administration on mTOR and reticulum stress signaling pathways in the brain after the infusion of rapamycin into prefrontal cortex.

Recent studies show that activation of the mTOR signaling pathway is required for the rapid antidepressant actions of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. A relationship between mTOR kinase and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, also known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) has been shown. We evaluate the effects of ketamine administration on the mTOR signaling pathway and proteins of UPR in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens, after the inhibiton of mTOR signaling in the PFC.

Quetiapine treatment reverses depressive-like behavior and reduces DNA methyltransferase activity induced by maternal deprivation.

Stress in early life has been appointed as an important phenomenon in the onset of depression and poor response to treatment with classical antidepressants. Furthermore, childhood trauma triggers epigenetic changes, which are associated with the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Treatment with atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine, exerts therapeutic effect for MDD patients and induces epigenetic changes.

Ketamine Exhibits Different Neuroanatomical Profile After Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition in the Prefrontal Cortex: the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Studies indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been identified as a novel MDD therapy; however, the antidepressant mechanism is not fully understood. In addition, the effects of ketamine after mTOR inhibition have not been fully investigated.

Neurochemical correlation between major depressive disorder and neurodegenerative diseases.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illnesses affecting elderly people and has been associated with poor cognitive function. Recent evidence suggests a strong relationship between MDD and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), as well as natural processes of aging. Changes in the neuroplasticity, morphology, and neurotransmission in the brain are seem to be associated to both, MDD and neurodegenerative diseases.

Glutamatergic NMDA Receptor as Therapeutic Target for Depression.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects approximately 121 million individuals globally and poses a significant burden to the healthcare system. Around 50-60% of patients with MDD respond adequately to existing treatments that are primarily based on a monoaminergic system. However, the neurobiology of MDD has not been fully elucidated; therefore, it is possible that other biochemical alterations are involved.