Multisectoral Perspectives on Global Warming and Vector-borne Diseases: a Focus on Southern Europe.

Purpose Of Review: The climate change (CC) or global warming (GW) modifies environment that favors vectors' abundance, growth, and reproduction, and consequently, the rate of development of pathogens within the vectors. This review highlights the threats of GW-induced vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in Southern Europe (SE) and the need for mitigation efforts to prevent potential global health catastrophe.

Recent Findings: Reports showed astronomical surges in the incidences of CC-induced VBDs in the SE.

Antitrypanosomal properties of extracts and their inhibitory effect on trypanosome alternative oxidase.

Background: African trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease with huge socio-economic burden to sub-Saharan African exceeding US$4.6 annual loss. To mitigate the incidence of trypanosomal drug resistance, efforts are geared towards discovery of molecules, especially from natural products, with potential to inhibit important molecular target (trypanosome alternative oxidase, TAO) in trypanosomes that are critical to their survival.

Partially Purified Leaf Fractions of Azadirachta indica Inhibit Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase and Exert Antitrypanosomal Effects on Trypanosoma congolense.

Introduction: Trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease of humans and livestock caused by single-celled flagellated haemo-protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.

Purpose: Widespread resistance to trypanocidal drugs creates urgent need for new, more effective drugs with potential to inhibit important trypanosome molecular targets.

Methods: Nine column chromatographic, partially purified leaf fractions of Azadirachta indica (AIF) were subjected to trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) inhibition assay using ubiquinol oxidase assay.

In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of combination therapy of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Khaya senegalensis and potash.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Pastoralists in Nigeria mix barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) Khaya senegalensis (KS) and potash (Pt) to treat animal African trypanosomosis.

Aim: To evaluate antitrypanosomal potential of A. leiocarpus, K.

ameliorative effects of methanol leaf extract of Linn on experimental infection in Wistar rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Linn used traditionally against trypanosomosis. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats of both sex were individually infected intraperitoneally (IP) with 10 per ml of blood. Following establishment of infection, the rats were randomly divided into five groups of 5 rats each.

Regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation: Insights and approaches for the management of neurodegenerative disease.

The development and maturation of oligodendrocyte require complex mechanisms that interact at different levels to regulate neuronal activities. This review examines specific functions and critical roles of oligodendrocyte, regulatory factors involved in its differentiation, including the involvement of glutamate and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Olig2, Id4, Wnt/β-catenin and histone deacetylase (HDAC) appear to play crucial roles in spatio-temporal regulation of the differentiation of oligodendrocytes.