Digital learning, face-to-face learning and climate change.

Debates about digital learning, face-to-face learning and blended learning often focus on their effectiveness in achieving a few core educational outcomes. The cost or convenience of using different methods to achieve certain outcomes have increasingly come into the educational framework over the past two decades. However, only rarely do educators or learners consider the climate footprint of their various activities.

Definitions matter: Heterogeneity of COVID-19 disease severity criteria and incomplete reporting compromise meta-analysis.

Therapeutic efficacy in COVID-19 is dependent upon disease severity (treatment effect heterogeneity). Unfortunately, definitions of severity vary widely. This compromises the meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and the therapeutic guidelines derived from them.

Graphene-based nano composites and their applications. A review.

The purpose of the current review article is to present a comprehensive understanding regarding pros and cons of graphene related nanocomposites and to find ways in order to improve the performance of nanocomposites with new designs. Nanomaterials including GR are employed in industrial applications such as supercapacitors, biosensors, solar cells, and corrosion studies. The present article has been prepared in three main categories.

Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors.

This review discusses recent graphene (GR) electrochemical biosensor for accurate detection of biomolecules, including glucose, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DNA, metals and immunosensor through effective immobilization of enzymes, including glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and haemoglobin. GR-based biosensors exhibited remarkable performance with high sensitivities, wide linear detection ranges, low detection limits, and long-term stabilities. Future challenges for the field include miniaturising biosensors and simplifying mass production are discussed.

Synthesis and utilisation of graphene for fabrication of electrochemical sensors.

This review summarises the most recent contributions in the fabrication of graphene-based electrochemical biosensors in recent years. It discusses the synthesis and application of graphene to the fabrication of graphene-based electrochemical sensors, its analytical performance and future prospects. An increasing number of reviews and publications involving graphene sensors have been reported ever since the first design of graphene electrochemical biosensor.

Vapour phase polymerisation of conducting and non-conducting polymers: a review.

Vapour phase polymerisation (VPP) is a well established technique in which the monomer is introduced to an oxidant-coated substrate in vapour form. Polymerisation then takes place at the oxidant vapour interface. VPP is a technique that could be used to immobilise materials to the modified electrode surface.

Progress and recent advances in fabrication and utilization of hypoxanthine biosensors for meat and fish quality assessment: a review.

This review provides an update on the research conducted on the fabrication and utilization of hypoxanthine (Hx) biosensors published over the past four decades. In particular, the review focuses on progress made in the development and use of Hx biosensors for the assessment of fish and meat quality which has dominated research in this area. The various fish and meat freshness indexes that have been proposed over this period are highlighted.

Polypyrrole based amperometric and potentiometric phosphate biosensors: a comparative study B.

The preparation of two electrochemical (potentiometric and amperometric) phosphate biosensors is described and compared. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were co-immobilized via entrapment into polypyrrole (PPy) films by galvanostatic polymerization. Polypyrrole entrapment was achieved with 0.

Mediated xanthine oxidase potentiometric biosensors for hypoxanthine based on ferrocene carboxylic acid modified electrode.

A potentiometric enzyme electrode for detection of hypoxanthine (Hx) in fish meat is described. The sensor was developed by entrapment of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and ferrocene carboxylic acid (Fc) into polypyrrole (PPy) film during galvanostatic polymerisation film formation. The responses for Hx were obtained in 0-05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.

Fabrication of a bilayer potentiometric phosphate biosensor by cross-link immobilization with bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde.

Chemical cross-linking of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) with glutaraldehyde (GLA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been used to fabricate a stable and reliable bilayer potentiometric phosphate biosensor. The bilayer arrangement consists of an inner BSA-GLA layer and an outer BSA-GLA-PNP-XOD layer. The inclusion of the inner BSA-GLA layer improves the adhesion of the outer BSA-GLA-PNP-XOD layer and ensures stability of the phosphate biosensor.