Heavy metal contamination in Sungai Petani, Malaysia: a wastewater-based epidemiology study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate heavy metal exposure in Sungai Petani, Malaysia. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to detect copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) in wastewater from eight sewage treatment facilities in Sungai Petani in January 2022. The heavy metal concentrations were measured in both influent and effluent, and the mean concentrations in the wastewater were found to be in the following order: Fe > Ni > Zn > Cd > Cu, with a 100% detection frequency.

Relationship of Benzene Concentration, ECR Benzene, Malondialdehyde, Glutathione, and DNA Degeneration in Shoe Industrial Workers in Osowilangun, Indonesia.

In the shoes industry, benzene constitute as one of the source of chemical hazard especially used in the gluing section. This compound is metabolized by the liver, forming free radicals in the body which can ultimately reduce the concentration of glutathione and increased malondialdehyde causing DNA degeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between benzene concentration, excess cancer risk (ECR), malondialdehyde, glutathione, and DNA degeneration among workers in shoes industry in Osowilangun, Surabaya.

The Cost Prediction for Chromium Detox Using Foods Intake Containing Glutathione at the Leather Tanning Industry in Magetan, Indonesia.

Background: Chromium was an organic compound which was used in metal alloys such as stainless steel, chrome plating, metal ceramics, leather tanning, etc. To reduce and eliminate toxin of chromium from the human body could be using detoxification process, one of them was using foods.

Aim: The aim was to calculate the foods intake contain glutathione to improve chromium detoxification and calculate the cost of foods intake.

Requirement Prediction for Toluene Detox with Foods Intake Rich in CYP2E1 Enzyme and Glycine to Prevent Nerve and Kidney Damage at Shoe Home Industry Workers in Romokalisari Surabaya.

Background: Toluene was an organic compound used in chemical and drug industries, the main source of toluene emissions from fires. To reduce and even eliminate toluene toxins in chemical component could be using detoxification by foods.

Aim: This research aimed to calculate the intake of foods rich in CYP2E1 enzyme and glycine to improve toluene detoxification.

Association between Malondialdehyde and Glutathione (L-gamma-Glutamyl-Cysteinyl-Glycine/GSH) Levels on Workers Exposed to Benzene in Indonesia.

Background: Chemicals that enter the body, especially benzene, will undergo a detoxification process. Unfortunately, at the detoxification process, sometimes benzene can produce free radicals. Free radical oxidation of lipids produces MDA compounds (malondialdehyde).

Determination of Highest Dose of Ammonia without Effect at Work Environment through the Expression of Interleukin-2 Cell in .

Background: For determining the threshold limit value firstly determined the highest dose of ammonia without effect (NOAEL). However, research on the determination of NOAEL ammonia didn't conduct in Indonesia.

Aim: The aim of this study to determine the value of the highest dose of ammonia without effect (No Observed Adverse Effect Level/NOAEL) through interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression on white mice.

Relationship of Benzene Exposure to Trans, Trans-Muconic Acid and Blood Profile of Shoe Workers in Romokalisari Surabaya, Indonesia.

Background: Benzene is a hazardous ingredient for health. Benzene is used as a latex glue solvent in the shoe industry.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to analyse the relationship between benzene exposure with trans, trans-muconic acid (t, t-MA) and the blood profile of shoe workers in Romokalisari Surabaya.

Risk Analysis Characterization of Benzene and Demographic Factors toward Immunoglobulin A.

Background: Research on risk assessment at industrial sites has experienced growth during the end of this year. But in Indonesia, there is still limited research on risk assessment, especially regarding the importance of measuring non-carcinogenic risk assessment in the workplace. Benzene exposure is believed to reduce levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in workers.

Determination of No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Ammonia in White Mice Through CD4 Expression.

Background: Ammonia is one of the chemical compounds that can cause acute and chronic effects to the workers. The purpose of this study is to determine the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) ammonia in white mice.

Methods: This study applied a laboratory experimental with design using white mice as an object.