Background: In Morocco, the use of leaded-gasoline is still common even after its ban in 2011, and other sources of contamination by traces elements are not regulated. We aimed to assess blood and urinary cadmium, blood lead, and total blood mercury levels in Moroccan adolescents and to identify determinants and early renal effects of exposure.
Methods: The study included 149 school adolescents (12 to 18 years), from urban, industrial, and rural areas in Fez city (north of Morocco).