Saltwater intrusion and land subsidence destroy northern Nile Delta archaeological sites: An assessment using hydrochemical indices, SAR satellite imagery, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP).

Archaeological sites in deltaic regions face increasing environmental threats. This study provides the first assessment of seawater intrusion and land subsidence impacts on archaeological sites in the Nile Delta through hydrochemical investigations, InSAR techniques, and multi-criteria decision analysis of 33 sites. The results reveal that 80.

Monitoring soil salinization and waterlogging in the northeastern Nile Delta linked to shallow saline groundwater and irrigation water quality.

Soil salinization and waterlogging are critical environmental issues affecting agricultural productivity and cultural heritage preservation, particularly in arid regions. This study investigated soil degradation processes in the archaeologically and agriculturally significant northeastern Nile Delta of Egypt. The objective was to assess the severity of soil degradation and identify key drivers related to water resources and soil characteristics to aid in the development of management strategies.