Evaluating the spatial pattern of water quality of the Nile River, Egypt, through multivariate analysis of chemical and biological indicators.

The Nile River, known as the "giver of life," serves as Egypt's main source of fresh water. A total of 28 sites along the Nile River were selected during the winter and summer of 2022 to illustrate spatial-temporal variation and indicate potential sources of pollution. The study showed that all chemical and physical parameters are within permissible limits.