Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1.

Objective: To determine risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared with nationally representative controls from 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data.

Study Design: A prospective, longitudinal analysis of CVD risk factors in 42 HIV-infected children compared with NHANES controls, with multivariable modeling of demographic, disease-specific, and treatment-related factors contributing to cardiac risk in the HIV cohort.

Results: The 42 children infected with HIV were initially an average of 10.

Switching to a protease inhibitor-containing, nucleoside-sparing regimen (lopinavir/ritonavir plus efavirenz) increases limb fat but raises serum lipid levels: results of a prospective randomized trial (AIDS clinical trial group 5125s).

Background: Subcutaneous limb fat loss continues to be one the most troubling side effects of long-term antiretroviral regimens. Nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors (PIs) have been linked to the development of this complication.

Methods: We evaluated the effects of nucleoside-sparing and PI-sparing regimens on fat distribution, bone mineral density, and metabolic parameters in 62 subjects, who were not selected for lipoatrophy, with advanced HIV (nadir CD4 count or=80,000 copies/mL) and an undetectable HIV viral load.

CD4+ cell count, viral load, and highly active antiretroviral therapy use are independent predictors of body composition alterations in HIV-infected adults: a longitudinal study.

Background: To understand the concurrent effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the immune system, and antiretroviral therapy on body composition alterations, we examined annualized composition changes in HIV-infected adults who were receiving stable antiretroviral therapy.

Methods: With use of data from the Nutrition For Healthy Living Study, we performed multivariate analyses using longitudinal models to evaluate the relationship of CD4+ cell count, viral load, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or antiretroviral therapy (ART) with changes in trunk and extremity composition for 110 men and 42 women who provided data relating to 194 study intervals (i.e.

Nutrition treatment for HIV wasting: a prescription for food as Medicine.

Background: The optimal nutrition approach for the promotion of weight gain in HIV-infected adults with wasting remains unclear. Previous dietary interventions report minimal success and provide inadequate information regarding the counseling approach, contact time, session format, and issues addressed with the subject. The methods we report were incorporated in a 12-week intervention trial for the reversal of HIV-wasting.

Insulin resistance in HIV-infected men and women in the nutrition for healthy living cohort.

Objective: We evaluated insulin resistance (IR) in an HIV-infected cohort and compared our results with those of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III).

Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, we determined the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) in 378 nondiabetic participants in the Nutrition for Healthy Living (NFHL) study and evaluated the association of the QUICKI with demographic, socioeconomic, body composition, lipid, liver function, HIV-associated factors (CD4 cell count, viral load, highly active antiretroviral therapy type, and years infected), and injection drug use. The prevalence of IR (QUICKI <0.

Pilot study of saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily in protease inhibitor-naive HIV-positive patients.

Purpose: Protease inhibitor (PI)-naive patients may have limited reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) options due to resistance and/or toxicity. Effective, well-tolerated nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-sparing regimens are therefore needed.

Method: This prospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir (1000/400/100 mg bid) in PI-naive patients over 48 weeks.

The effect of micronutrient supplementation on disease progression and death in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected juvenile male rhesus macaques.

Background: We investigated the impact that micronutrient supplementation has on the progression of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS).

Methods: Twenty-four simian immunodeficiency virus-infected juvenile male rhesus macaques were randomized into 2 groups. One group was given certified chow, and the other group was given chow and a supplement that contained 2-3 times the estimated nutritional requirement of micronutrients.

A comparison of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of 3 intervention strategies for AIDS wasting.

Objective: To compare oxandrolone (OX) or strength training with nutrition alone (NA) for AIDS wasting.

Subjects: Fifty patients with AIDS; 47 completing the study.

Interventions: Randomization to (1) NA with placebo pills, (2) nutrition with 10 mg of OX administered orally twice a day, or (3) nutrition with progressive resistance training (PRT) for 12 weeks.

Clinical evaluation and management of metabolic and morphologic abnormalities associated with human immunodeficiency virus.

In recent years, a spectrum of metabolic and morphologic alterations has emerged among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving antiretroviral treatment. Changes observed include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal and dorsocervical fat accumulation, and fat depletion in the extremities and in the face. The health consequences of these changes are not well understood but may include increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.