Patient and Family Perpetrated Cyber-Incivility and Cyber-Aggression Within Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

Introduction: Verbal violence may manifest in written form as cyber incivility within patient portal communications. As a form of digital technology, patient portal messages create a physical and emotional distance leading the sender to be disinhibited and disassociated from the recipient nurse. Written patient portal messages may contain uncivil language deemed verbally violent when the content escalates beyond professional standards.