Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptors: Promising Therapeutic Targets for an Effective Management of Diabetes Mellitus.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound proteins, which are responsible for the detection of extracellular stimuli and the origination of intracellular responses. Both glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors belong to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Along with insulin, glucagon and GLP-1 are critical hormones for maintaining normal serum glucose within the human body.

Neuropharmacological effects of camel milk related to modulation of biogenic amines in experimental animals.

Camel milk is reported as anti-diabetic, hepato-protective, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral and neuroprotectant in numerous studies. Based on its neuroprotective profile, camel milk is investigated for its possible beneficial effect in treating anxiety and depression and its effect on brain biogenic amines in the present study. Head dip, cage crossing, stationary rod, elevated plus-maze, open field, light & dark box and forced swim tests were used to measure change in rodents' behavior after camel milk administration.

Evaluation of Thio- and Seleno-Acetamides Bearing Benzenesulfonamide as Inhibitor of Carbonic Anhydrases from Different Pathogenic Bacteria.

A series of 2-thio- and 2-seleno-acetamides bearing the benzenesulfonamide moiety were evaluated as Carbonic Anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.

Acid treated biochar enhances cadmium tolerance by restricting its uptake and improving physio-chemical attributes in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.).

Heavy metals contamination of soil especially with cadmium (Cd) is a serious environmental concern in the current industrial era. Biochar serves as an excellent ameliorating agent depending upon its properties and application rates. In the pot scale study, effect of acid treated (AWSB) and untreated wheat straw biochar (WSB) was studied on physiology, grain yield, Cd accumulation, and tolerance of quinoa with possible health risks.

Effect of Reaction Temperature on Shape Evolution of Palladium Nanoparticles and Their Cytotoxicity against A-549 Lung Cancer Cells.

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) of different shapes and sizes have been synthesized by reducing potassium tetrachloropalladinate(II) by l-ascorbic acid (AA) in an aqueous solution phase in the presence of an amphiphilic nonionic surfactant poly ethylene glycol (PEG) via a sonochemical method. Materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray soectrscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), particle distribution, and zeta potential studies. Truncated octahedron/fivefold twinned pentagonal rods are formed at room temperature (RT) (25 °C) while hexagonal/trigonal plates are formed at 65 °C.

PDMAC: A Priority-Based Enhanced TDMA Protocol for Warning Message Dissemination in VANETs.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are the key enabling technology for intelligent transportation systems. Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the de facto media access standard for inter-vehicular communications, but its performance degrades in high-density networks. Time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based protocols fill this gap to a certain extent, but encounter inefficient clock synchronization and lack of prioritized message delivery.

Nickel Toxicity Induced Changes in Nutrient Dynamics and Antioxidant Profiling in Two Maize ( L.) Hybrids.

Nickel (Ni) is among the essential micronutrient heavy metals utilized by plants. However, an elevated level of Ni causes serious concerns for plants' physiology and their survival. This study evaluated the mechanisms influencing the growth, physiology, and nutrient dynamics in two commercial maize hybrids (Syngenta and Pioneer) exposed to Ni treatments in hydroponics nutrient solution (NS).

The prevalence of burnout syndrome among resident physicians in Syria.

Introduction: Burnout syndrome is a work-related chronic stress that is described as emotional exhaustion, a decreased sense of personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. it has been considered an important problem especially among workers in the health sector.

Objectives: The aim of this research was to study the prevalence of burnout among Syrian residents during the Syrian crisis, which started 9 years ago, and to assess the factors related to burnout syndrome.

Immunoinformatics design of a novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine to combat multi-drug resistant infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus.

Multi-drug resistant Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative bacillus responsible for diseases, such as: sepsis, septicemia, gastroenteritis, and fatal necrotizing fasciitis in humans. The treatment and prevention of V. vulnificus infections are challenging because of resistance to antibiotics and the non-availability of a licensed vaccine.

Antiviral Activity Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Bioactive Components of L.

L., also known as , has been well studied for its chemical composition and pharmacological activity. In this study, the antiviral activities of on infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were evaluated and for the first time.

Compositional and health risk assessment of drinking water from health facilities of District Vehari, Pakistan.

Arsenic (As) is a potentially toxic and carcinogenic metalloid. It has gained considerable attention owing to its high ecotoxic nature. High As contamination of groundwater in scattered areas is the current status of Pakistan.

Effect of salinity on physiological, biochemical and photostabilizing attributes of two genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) exposed to arsenic stress.

Soil salinity and arsenic (As) contamination are serious environmental problems. To investigate the effects of salinity on As uptake and physiological and biochemical attributes of quinoa (Chenopodiumquinoa Willd.), a hydroponic experiment was performed.

A new biochar from cotton stalks for As (V) removal from aqueous solutions: its improvement with HPO and KOH.

The present study is the first attempt to evaluate the potential of acid and base activated biochar derived from cotton stalks (CSB) for the removal of As from contaminated water. The CSB was treated with 0.5 M KOH (BCSB) and HPO (ACSB) separately to change its surface properties.

Mucoadhesive micro-composites: Chitosan coated halloysite nanotubes for sustained drug delivery.

It was aim of this study to synthesize micro-composites comprising halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and the cationic polymer chitosan as mucoadhesive sustained release drug delivery system. Micro-composites were characterized for preparation yield, size, micromeritic properties and swelling behavior. Chemical composition of micro-composites was characterized by FTIR, XRD and TGA.

Common Tenets in Repair of Primary Paraesophageal Hernias: Reducing Tension and Maximizing Length.

Tension-free repair remains the most important principle of surgical management of giant paraesophageal hernias. The axial tension is relieved by generous circumferential mobilization of the esophagus in the mediastinum to the level of subcarina. An esophageal lengthening procedure may be necessary for a true short esophagus.

Robust Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate methods for detection and quantification of urea adulteration in fresh milk samples.

Urea is added as an adulterant to give milk whiteness and increase its consistency for improving the solid not fat percentage, but the excessive amount of urea in milk causes overburden and kidney damages. Here, an innovative sensitive methodology based on near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis has been proposed for the robust detection and quantification of urea adulteration in fresh milk samples. In this study, 162 fresh milk samples were used, those consisting 20 nonadulterated samples (without urea) and 142 with urea adulterant.

Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation Superior to Proton Pump Inhibitors for Regurgitation in a 1-Year Randomized Trial.

Background & Aims: Regurgitative gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) refractive to medical treatment is common and caused by mechanical failure of the anti-reflux barrier. We compared the effects of magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) with those of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) in a randomized trial.

Methods: Patients with moderate to severe regurgitation (assessed by the foregut symptom questionnaire) despite once-daily PPI therapy (n = 152) were randomly assigned to groups given twice-daily PPIs (n = 102) or laparoscopic MSA (n = 50) at 20 sites, from July 2015 through February 2017.

Heat stress management in poultry farms: A comprehensive overview.

Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and arid regions of the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of heat stress on the welfare and productivity of poultry. The harmful impacts of heat stress on different poultry types include decreased growth rates, appetites, feed utilization and laying and impaired meat and egg qualities.

Obtaining Intrinsically Occupied Free-Space Superatom States in an Encapsulated CaN Nanotube.

By considering a group of atoms as a whole, the superatom state concept has been proposed to understand complex chemical systems. Superatom states distributed in free space are important in determining the interactions between superatoms and also the reactions of a superatom system with other external molecules. Unfortunately, all free-space superatom states reported to date are unoccupied states, which strongly limit their applications.

Mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: Closing the gap.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes and survival with mechanical ventilation (MV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridge to lung transplantation (LT) using a national registry.

Methods: The United Network for Organ Sharing database was analyzed for recipients in the period 2005 to 2017. Recipients were categorized into 3 groups based on pre-transplant bridging.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors as potential anti-diabetes agents: patent review (2015-2018).

: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition has been recommended as a crucial strategy to enhance insulin sensitivity in various cells and this fact is supported by human genetic data. PTP1B inhibitors improve the sensitivity of the insulin receptor and have the ability to cure insulin resistance-related diseases. In the latter years, targeting PTP1B inhibitors is being considered an attractive target to treat T2DM and therefore libraries of PTP1B inhibitors are being suggested as potent antidiabetic drugs.

Increased burden of disease and role of health economics: Asia-pacific region.

: Health-care systems in Asian countries are diverse. The economic evaluation provides information on how to make efficient use of the resources available to obtain the maximum benefits. In Asia, diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus (DM), tuberculosis (TB) and epilepsy generate a heavy economic burden.

Protective effects of hypericin against infectious bronchitis virus induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in chicken embryo kidney cells.

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Hypericin (HY) is an excellent compound that has been investigated in antiviral, antineoplastic, and antidepressant. To investigate the inhibition effect of HY on IBV infection in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells, 3 different experimental designs: pre-treatment of cells prior to IBV infection, direct treatment of IBV-infected cells, and pre-treatment of IBV prior to cell infection were used.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors as a potential target for diabetes: patent review (2015-2018).

Introduction: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) belongs to the family of serine proteases and is involved in the degradation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which enhance the production and release of insulin. Targeting DPP-4 inhibitors is increasingly being considered as promising paradigms to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and therefore DPP-4 inhibitors are being considered as promising antidiabetic drugs.

Areas Covere: This review provides an overview of published patents describing natural and synthetic DPP-4 inhibitors from January 2015 to December 2018.

Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia.

Background: Equine gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have been the subject of intermittent studies in Australia over the past few decades. However, comprehensive information on the epidemiology of equine GINs, the efficacy of available anthelmintic drugs and the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in Australasia is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed existing knowledge on the horse GINs recorded in Australia, and main aspects of their pathogeneses, epidemiology, diagnoses, treatment and control.