Harnessing exosomes in theranostic applications: advancements and insights in gastrointestinal cancer research.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm) that are formed by endocytosis containing complex RNA as well as protein structures and are vital in intercellular communication and can be used in gene therapy and drug delivery. According to the cell sources of origin and the environmental conditions they are exposed to, these nanovesicles are very heterogeneous and dynamic in terms of content (cargo), size and membrane composition. Exosomes are released under physiological and pathological conditions and influence the pathogenesis of cancers through various mechanisms, including angiogenesis, metastasis, immune dysregulation, drug resistance, and tumor growth/development.

The effect of mutation on neurotoxicity reduction of new chimeric reteplase, a computational study.

Background And Purpose: Excitotoxicity in nerve cells is a type of neurotoxicity in which excessive stimulation of receptors (such as N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR)) leads to the influx of high-level calcium ions into cells and finally cell damage or death. This complication can occur after taking some of the plasminogen activators like tissue plasminogen activator and reteplase. The interaction of the kringle2 domain in such plasminogen activator with the amino-terminal domain (ATD) of the NR1 subunit of NMDAR finally leads to excitotoxicity.

Physicochemical Stimulus-Responsive Systems Targeted with Antibody Derivatives.

The application of monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments with the advent of recombinant antibody technology has made notable progress in clinical trials to provide a regulated drug release and extra targeting to the special conditions in the function site. Modification of antibodies has facilitated using mAbs and antibody fragments in numerous models of therapeutic and detection utilizations, such as stimuliresponsive systems. Antibodies and antibody derivatives conjugated with diverse stimuliresponsive materials have been constructed for drug delivery in response to a wide range of endogenous (electric, magnetic, light, radiation, ultrasound) and exogenous (temperature, pH, redox potential, enzymes) stimuli.

Comparative Analysis and Identification of Spike Mutations in Iranian COVID-19 Samples from the First Three Waves of Disease.

Background: The spike surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is the essential protein in virus attachment to the target cell and cell entrance. As this protein contains immunodominant epitopes and is the main target for immune recognition, it is the critical target for vaccine and therapeutics development. In the current research, we analyzed the variability and mutations of the spike glycoprotein isolated from 72 COVID-19-positive patients from Iran's first three waves of disease.

The incidence and features of Delphian lymph node involvement in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Introduction: In papillary thyroid cancer patients, the extent of dissection is still a matter of debate. Evaluating Delphian lymph nodes (DLNs) during the surgery has been speculated as a valuable tool to determine the extent of dissection. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the incidence and features of DLNs involvement in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Herbal Medicines as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding molecular pathogenesis is an essential factor for the allocation of effective preventive measures and the development of targeted therapeutics against COVID-19. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes structural and nonstructural proteins, which can be targets for compounds with potential therapeutic ability.

The Epigenetic Modification of in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and its Effects on Clinic-Pathological Features.

Background: Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation are known as the main cause of different types of cancers through inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, especially thyroid cancer. Identification of novel and effective markers are important in diagnosis and prevention of thyroid cancer. In the present study, the expression and methylation of Solute carrier family 5 member 8 () in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) in comparison to multinodular goiter (MNG) have been studied.

Conductive and Semiconductive Nanocomposite-Based Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and the most common cause is myocardial infarction. Therefore, appropriate approaches should be used to repair damaged heart tissue. Recently, cardiac tissue engineering approaches have been extensively studied.

Vaccine design and delivery approaches for COVID-19.

COVID-19 is still a deadly disease that remains yet a major challenge for humans. In recent times, many large pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical companies have invested a lot of time and cost in fighting this disease. In this regard, today's scientific knowledge shows that designing and producing an effective vaccine is the best possible way to diminish the disease burden and dissemination or even eradicate the disease.

Improvement in Redox Homeostasis after Cytoreductive Surgery in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) as one the most common cancer type is associated with oxidative stress. Surgery is the only curative modality for early-stage CRC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative damage biomarkers as well as enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in patients with CRC before and after tumor resection and in healthy controls.

Novel and emerging mutations of SARS-CoV-2: Biomedical implications.

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 virus strains has geographical diversity associated with diverse severity, mortality rate, and response to treatment that were characterized using phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Although, there is no explicit and integrative explanation for these variations, the genetic arrangement, and stability of SARS-CoV-2 are basic contributing factors to its virulence and pathogenesis.

is Downregulated and Hyper-Methylated in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Suggesting Its Role as a Tumor Suppressor Gene.

Background: Thyroid cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for 80% of all types of thyroid neoplasm. Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation are known as the main cause of different types of cancers through inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for papillary thyroid cancer: the effect of dose, tracer and application of massage.

Objectives: In patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), sentinel lymph node (SLN) radio-guided biopsy is not routinely used for detection of involved neck lymph nodes (NLN); Tc- antimony sulfide colloid (Tc- ASC) has been used for this purpose. In this study, besides Tc-ASC another radiotracer, Tc-phytate (Tc-P) with different doses and injection methods were evaluated.

Methods: Twenty-two patients, scheduled to undergo thyroidectomy for PTC, were injected for radio-guided SLN biopsy in the morning of operation in 3 groups: intra tumoral injection of about 1 mCi Tc-P (group A; n=5); peritumoral injection of less than 3 mCi Tc-ASC (group B; n=6); and peritumoral injection of 3 to 5 mCi Tc-ASC with application of massage (group C; n=9).

An update on antiviral antibody-based biopharmaceuticals.

Due to the vastness of the science virology, it is no longer an offshoot solely of the microbiology. Viruses have become as the causative agents of major epidemics throughout history. Many therapeutic strategies have been used for these microorganisms, and in this way the recognizing of potential targets of viruses is of particular importance for success.

The development and evaluation of a multi-epitope antigen as a serodiagnostic marker of Toxoplasma gondii infection.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite which causes a serious disease called toxoplasmosis. The high prevalence of T.

Inhibition of miR-155 in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line by gold nanoparticles functionalized with antagomir and AS1411 aptamer.

MicroRNAs are key factors for many biological functions. These regulatory molecules affect various gene networks and involve the subsequent signaling pathways. Therefore, disrupting the expression of these molecules is associated with multiple anomalies in the cells and body.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs): the predictive value of MDCT characteristics in the differentiation of histopathological grades.

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between multiple detector computed tomography (MDCT) features of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and histopathologic grade and find valuable imaging criteria for grade prediction.

Material And Methods: MDCT of 61 patients with 65 masses, which pNETs were approved histopathologically, underwent revision retrospectively. Each MDCT was evaluated for various radiologic characteristics.

Antibody-drug therapeutic conjugates: Potential of antibody-siRNAs in cancer therapy.

Codelivery is a promising strategy of targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs for eradicating tumor cells. This rapidly growing method of drug delivery uses a conjugate containing drug linked to a smart carrier. Both two parts usually have therapeutic properties on the tumor cells.

Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of trans abdominal ultrasonography in detecting intra-abdominal adhesions: A double-blinded cohort study.

Background: Intra-abdominal adhesion is one of the most important complications of abdominopelvic surgery. It increases morbidity and mortality for patients. Although laparoscopy is the gold standard of adhesion diagnosis, it can cause visceral damage during the operation.