Neuroprotective Potential of Tanshinone-IIA in Mitigating Propionic Acidinduced Experimental Autism-like Behavioral and Neurochemical Alterations: Insights into c-JNK and p38MAPK Pathways.

Introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. These factors can lead to the overactivation of c-JNK and p38MAPK.

Methods: In rats, stereotactic intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of propionic acid (PPA) results in autistic-like characteristics such as poor social interaction, repetitive behaviours, and restricted communication.

Correction: Tiwari et al. Neuroprotective Effect of α-Mangostin in Ameliorating Propionic Acid-Induced Experimental Model of Autism in Wistar Rats. 2021, , 288.

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The SIRT-1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis: Guardians of neuronal health in neurological disorders.

SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that functions through nucleoplasmic transfer and is present in nearly all mammalian tissues. SIRT1 is believed to deacetylate its protein substrates, resulting in neuroprotective actions, including reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, increased autophagy, increased nerve growth factors, and preserved neuronal integrity in aging or neurological disease. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the genes responsible for oxidative stress response and substance detoxification.

Exploring the Neuroprotective Potential of Icariin through Modulation of Neural Pathways in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.

Neuropathological diseases involve the death of neurons and the aggregation of proteins with altered properties in the brain. Proteins are used at the molecular level to categorize neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing the importance of protein-processing mechanisms in their development. Natural herbal phytoconstituents, such as icariin, have addressed these neurological complications.

Magnesium (Mg): Essential Mineral for Neuronal Health: From Cellular Biochemistry to Cognitive Health and Behavior Regulation.

Magnesium (Mg) is a crucial mineral involved in numerous cellular processes critical for neuronal health and function. This review explores the multifaceted roles of Mg, from its biochemical interactions at the cellular level to its impact on cognitive health and behavioral regulation. Mg acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those involved in ATP synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neurotransmitter release.

Hereditary Patterns and Genetic Associations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Neuropsychiatric Insights, Genetic Influences, and Treatment Perspectives.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), a prevalent neuropsychiatric condition, affects approximately 2%-3% of the global population. This paper provides an extensive overview of OCD, detailing its clinical manifestations, neurobiological underpinnings, and therapeutic approaches. It examines OCD's classification shift in the DSM-5, the role of the cortico-striatothalamo- cortical pathway in its development, and the various factors contributing to its etiology, such as genes, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions.

Targeting Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Remyelination: Emerging Therapies and Personalized Approaches in Multiple Sclerosis Management.

Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a progressive autoimmune condition that primarily affects young people and is characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system [CNS]. This in-depth review explores the complex involvement of oligodendrocytes, the primary myelin- producing cells in the CNS, in the pathophysiology of MS. It discusses the biochemical processes and signalling pathways required for oligodendrocytes to function and remain alive, as well as how they might fail and cause demyelination to occur.

Correlative In Situ Spectro-Microscopy of Supported Single CuO Nanoparticles: Unveiling the Relationships between Morphology and Chemical State during Thermal Reduction.

The activity, selectivity, and lifetime of nanocatalysts critically depend on parameters such as their morphology, support, chemical composition, and oxidation state. Thus, correlating these parameters with their final catalytic properties is essential. However, heterogeneity across nanoparticles (NPs) is generally expected.

Surface charge dynamics on air-exposed ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O(001) thin films.

Probing of the free surface ferroelectric properties of thin polar films can be achieved either by estimating the band bending variance under the top-most layer or by studying the extent of the extrinsic charge accumulated outside the surface. Photoemitted or incoming low-energy electrons can be used to characterize locally both properties in a spectromicroscopic approach. Thin ferroelectric lead zirco-titanate (PZT) is investigated by combining low energy/mirror electron microscopy (LEEM/MEM) with photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) and high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Preparation and stability of the hexagonal phase of samarium oxide on Ru(0001).

We have used low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), micro-illumination low-energy electron diffraction (µLEED) supported by ab initio calculations, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate in-situ and in real-time the structural properties of SmO deposits grown on Ru(0001), a rare-earth metal oxide model catalyst. Our results show that samarium oxide grows in a hexagonal A-SmO phase on Ru(0001), exhibiting a (0001) oriented-top facet and (113) side facets. Upon annealing, a structural transition from the hexagonal to cubic phase occurs, in which the Sm cations exhibit the +3 oxidation state.

Pattern Formation in Catalytic H Oxidation on Rh: Zooming in by Correlative Microscopy.

Spatio-temporal nonuniformities in H oxidation on individual Rh(  ) domains of a polycrystalline Rh foil were studied in the 10 mbar pressure range by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM), and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). The latter two were used for in situ correlative microscopy to zoom in with significantly higher lateral resolution, allowing detection of an unusual island-mediated oxygen front propagation during kinetic transitions. The origin of the island-mediated front propagation was rationalized by model calculations based on a hybrid approach of microkinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulations.

Analysis of the Facets of Cu-Based Electrocatalysts in Alkaline Media Using Pb Underpotential Deposition.

Establishing relationships between the surface atomic structure and activity of Cu-based electrocatalysts for CO and CO reduction is hindered by probable surface restructuring under working conditions. Insights into these structural evolutions are scarce as techniques for monitoring the surface facets in conventional experimental designs are lacking. To directly correlate surface reconstructions to changes in selectivity or activity, the development of surface-sensitive, electrochemical probes is highly desirable.

Neuroprotective Effect of α-Mangostin in the Ameliorating Propionic Acid-Induced Experimental Model of Autism in Wistar Rats.

Several studies have documented the role of hyper-activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in Autism pathogenesis. Alpha-mangostin (AMG) is a phytoconstituents with anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, and ERK inhibition properties in many diseases. Our research aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of AMG in the rat model of intracerebroventricular-propionic acid (ICV-PPA) induced autism with a confirmation of its effect on the ERK signaling.

Elucidation of Abnormal Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling and Associations with Syndromic and Non-syndromic Autism.

Autism is a highly inherited and extremely complex disorder in which results from various cases indicate chromosome anomalies, unusual single-gene mutations, and multiplicative effects of particular gene variants, characterized primarily by impaired speech and social interaction and restricted behavior. The precise etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently unclear. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling mechanism affects neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity during the development of the central nervous mechanism.

Exploring Molecular Approaches in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Drug Targets from Clinical and Pre-Clinical Findings.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease (MND) characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons (corticospinal tract) in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord. The patient experiences the sign and symptoms between 55 to 75 years of age, which include impaired motor movement, difficulty in speaking and swallowing, grip loss, muscle atrophy, spasticity, and sometimes associated with memory and cognitive impairments. Median survival is 3 to 5 years after diagnosis and 5 to 10% of the patients live for more than 10 years.

Fingerprint Voltammograms of Copper Single Crystals under Alkaline Conditions: A Fundamental Mechanistic Analysis.

A critical step toward the systematic development of electrocatalysts is the determination of the microscopic structure and processes at the electrified solid/electrolyte interface. The major challenges toward this end for experiment and computations are achieving sufficient cleanliness and modeling the complexity of electrochemical systems, respectively. In this sense, benchmarks of well-defined model systems are sparse.

Adenylate cyclase activator forskolin alleviates intracerebroventricular propionic acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of autistic rats.

Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction increases inflammatory mediators and leads to free radical generation and anti-oxidant enzymatic alterations, which are major neuropathological hallmarks responsible for autism. Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism is associated with decreased ATP levels due to reduced levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Rat models of autism were established by intracerebroventricular injection of propionic acid.

On the Possibilities and Considerations of Interfacing Ultra-High Vacuum Equipment with an Electrochemical Setup.

Efficient electrocatalysts are required in order for electrocatalysis to play a large role in a future largely based on renewable energy sources. To rationally design these catalysts we need to understand the fundamental origin of their activities. In order to elucidate the relationship between catalyst structure and electrochemical behaviour, we investigate well-defined single-crystal catalysts in a UHV chamber interfaced with an electrochemical setup.

Non-Noble Cobalt Tungstate Catalyst for Effective Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Borohydride.

Morphologically tuned cobalt tungstate (CoWO), a new entrant toward borohydride oxidation reaction (BOR), was explored as it exhibited negligible H evolution while enabling rapid BOR. A simple synthetic strategy was employed and fine-tuned to obtain different morphologies of CoWO whose urchin-shaped variant gave exciting activity toward BOR. An early and quite negative onset potential of -1.

Stabilization of Cobalt-Polyoxometalate over Poly(ionic liquid) Composites for Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation.

The key to unlock a renewable, clean, and energy-dense hydrogen fuel lies in designing an efficient oxygen evolving catalyst exhibiting high activity, stability, and cost-effectiveness. This report addresses an improved activity toward oxygen evolution by a composite of cobalt-polyoxometalate [Co(HO)(PWO)] (CoPOM) and an ionic polymer, poly(vinyl butyl imidazolium) (PVIM), in highly alkaline media. PVIM provides a stable platform for CoPOM and acts as a conductive linker between CoPOM and the electrode surface, forming a concrete solid composite, which balances the multinegative charge of CoPOM synergistically.

Ether and siloxane functionalized ionic liquids and their mixtures as electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries.

The present study deals with an investigation of two novel imidazolium ionic liquids bearing ether-ether (1O2O2-Im-2O1) or ether-siloxane (1O2O2-Im-1SiOSi) functionalities with TFSI anion and their mixtures with propylene carbonate as electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical stability and conductivity of these novel ILs were analyzed by electrochemical studies, such as cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and impedance measurements. The applicability of these ILs as electrolytes in Li-ion batteries was studied in the presence of a high concentration of LiTFSI (1 mol kg(-1) electrolyte) and the ether-ether IL was shown to possess a high electrochemical stability window (ESW) of 5.

Electrocatalytic Activity of Tungsten Oxide Nanoclusters Grafted on Mesoporous Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Material in the Dioxygen Reduction Reaction.

Nanosized clusters of tungsten oxide grafted onto a mesoporous nitrogen-rich carbon material (WOx/MNCx) have been synthesized and explored for their remarkable ability towards dioxygen reduction. The composite catalyst exhibits a lower overpotential and significant stability, which paves the way towards improvement of the nonprecious yet proficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring at the cathode in alkaline medium. The electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst towards the ORR have been examined by electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode and rotating ring disk electrode measurements, along with electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies in alkaline medium.