Effect of branching on the interfacial properties of nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants at the air-water and carbon dioxide-water interfaces.

The interfacial tensions, surface pressures, and adsorption of nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants at the air-water (A-W) and carbon dioxide-water (C-W) interfaces were investigated systematically as a function of the ethylene oxide (EO) unit length and tail structure. Major differences in the properties are explained in terms of the driving force for surfactant adsorption, tail solvation, area per surfactant molecule, and surfactant packing. As the surfactant architecture is varied, the changes in tail-tail interactions, steric effects, areas occupied by the surfactant at the interface, and tail hydrophobicity are shown to strongly influence the interfacial properties, including the surfactant efficiency (the concentration to produce 20 mN/m interfacial tension reduction).

Morphology and stability of CO2-in-water foams with nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants.

The morphologies, stabilities, and viscosities of high-pressure carbon dioxide-in-water (C/W) foams (emulsions) formed with branched nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants were investigated by in situ optical microscopy and capillary rheology. Over two dozen hydrocarbon surfactants were shown to stabilize C/W foams with Sauter mean bubble diameters as low as 1 to 2 microm. Coalescence of the C/W foam bubbles was rare for bubbles larger than about 0.

Multinuclear NMR study of the solution structure and reactivity of tris(trimethylsilyl)methyllithium and its iodine ate complex.

The extreme steric bulk of tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl derivatives (1-X) provides interesting structural and dynamic behavior for study. Dynamic NMR studies on 1-SePh and 1-I showed restricted rotation around the C-Si bonds of each trimethylsilyl groups. An extensive multinuclear NMR study of natural abundance and (6)Li and (13)C enriched 1-Li revealed three species in THF-containing solvents, a dimer 1T, and two monomers, the contact ion pair 1C, and solvent separated ion pair 1S.

Reactivity of the triple ion and separated ion pair of tris(trimethylsilyl)methyllithium with aldehydes: a RINMR study.

Low-temperature rapid-injection NMR (RINMR) experiments were performed on tris(trimethylsilyl)methyllithium. In THF/Me2O solutions, the separated ion (1S) reacted faster than can be measured at -130 degrees C with MeI and substituted benzaldehydes (k >/= 2 s -1), whereas the contact ion (1C) dissociated to 1S before reacting. Unexpectedly, the triple ion reacted faster with electron-rich benzaldehydes relative to electron-deficient ones.

Interconversion of contact and separated ion pairs in silyl- and arylthio-substituted alkyllithium reagents.

Ether-solvated contact and separated ion pairs (CIP and SIP) for two lithium reagents, tris(trimethylsilyl)methyllithium (1) and bis(3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenylthio)methyllithium (2), have been characterized and observed for the first time under conditions of slow exchange by NMR spectroscopy, and barriers to interconversion have been measured. A Saunders isotope perturbation experiment was used to support identification of the CIP and SIP species for 2.

Amine- and ether-chelated aryllithium reagents-structure and dynamics.

Chelation and aggregation in phenyllithium reagents with potential 6- and 7-ring chelating amine (2, 3) and 5-, 6-, and 7-ring chelating ether (4, 5, 6) ortho substituents have been examined utilizing variable temperature (6)Li and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, (6)Li and (15)N isotope labeling, and the effects of solvent additives. The 5- and 6-ring ether chelates (4, 5) compete well with THF, but the 6-ring amine chelate (2) barely does, and 7-ring amine chelate (3) does not. Compared to model compounds (e.

The effect of HMPA on the reactivity of epoxides, aziridines, and alkyl halides with organolithium reagents.

A kinetic study of the effect of added HMPA cosolvent on the reaction of 2-lithio-1,3-dithiane (1), bis(phenylthio)methyllithium (2), and bis(3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenylthio)methyllithium (3) with methyloxirane (propylene oxide), N-tosyl-2-methylaziridine, and the several alkyl halides (BuCl, BuBr, BuI, allyl chloride) was carried out. Widely varied rate effects of HMPA on these SN2 substitutions were observed, ranging from >108 rate increases for 1 and butyl chloride to >103 rate decreases for 3 and methyloxirane. These reactions appear to go through separated ion pair intermediates, so a key effect is the ease of ion pair separation of the lithium reagent (3 > 2 > 1).