An Integrative Model of Personality Disorder: Part 3: Mechanism-Based Approach to the Pharmacotherapy of Personality Disorder: An Emerging Concept.

Temperament traits of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence, are well defined in terms of their neural circuitry, neurochemical modulators, and patterns of associative learning. When heritably excessive, each of these traits may become a mechanistically fundamental biogenetic trait vulnerability for personality disorder. The other main risk factor for personality disorder is environmental, notably abuse, neglect, and psychological trauma.

When All Else Fails, Listen to the Patient: A Viewpoint on the Use of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Clinical Trials.

A major problem in mental health clinical trials, such as depression, is low assay sensitivity in primary outcome measures. This has contributed to clinical trial failures, resulting in the exodus of the pharmaceutical industry from the Central Nervous System space. This reduced assay sensitivity in psychiatry outcome measures stems from inappropriately broad measures, recall bias, and poor interrater reliability.