The interleukin-1 axis and the tumor immune microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a key role in carcinogenesis and several IL-1-targeted therapeutics are under investigation for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We sought to broaden our understanding of how the family of IL-1 ligands and receptors impact the tumor immune landscape and patient survival in PDAC. Gene expression data and DNA methylation data for IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, IL1R1, IL1R2, and IL1RAP was attained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and cross validated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.

Multifeature distortion-insensitive constellation detection.

Many applications require detection of multiple features that locally remain consistent in shape and intensity characteristics, but may globally change position with respect to one another over time or under different circumstances. We refer to these feature sets, defined by their characteristic relative positioning, as multifeature constellations. We introduce a method of processing in which multiple levels of correlation, using specially designed composite feature detection filters, are used to first detect local features, and then to detect constellations of these local features.