Design of Wideband High-Gain Patch Antenna Array for High-Temperature Applications.

A low-profile, wideband, and high-gain antenna array, based on a novel double-H-shaped slot microstrip patch radiating element and robust against high temperature variations, is proposed in this work. The antenna element was designed to operate in the frequency range between 12 GHz and 18.25 GHz, with a 41.

Optimizing Radiation Patterns of Thinned Arrays with Deep Nulls Fixed through Their Representation in the Schelkunoff Unit Circle and a Simulated Annealing Algorithm.

The present work develops an innovative methodology for fixing deep nulls in radiation patterns of symmetrical thinned arrays while maintaining a low side lobe level (SLL) and a high directivity, implementing an optimization strategy based on the simulated annealing algorithm (SA). This procedure optimizes a cost function that has a term for each characteristic of the desired radiation pattern and can distinguish between the deep nulls and the filled ones depending on whether they are on the Schelkunoff unit circle or not. Then, a direct extension of the methodology for planar arrays based on the separable distribution procedure is addressed.

Using Antenna Arrays with Only One Active Element for Beam Reconfiguration and Sensitive Study in Dielectric Media.

Antenna array pattern reconfiguration is usually achieved by changing the relative amplitudes and/or phases of the excitation distribution present in the array, at the cost of complex feeding networks. In this work, the mechanical displacement of a parasitic array perpendicular to another array with a single driven element is proposed. Additionally, the antenna is optimized addressing the variation of its response led by changes of the environmental dielectric constant of a surrounding gaseous medium.

Exposure to 2.45 GHz Radiation Triggers Changes in HSP-70, Glucocorticoid Receptors and GFAP Biomarkers in Rat Brain.

Brain tissue may be especially sensitive to electromagnetic phenomena provoking signs of neural stress in cerebral activity. Fifty-four adult female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ELISA and immunohistochemistry testing of four relevant anatomical areas of the cerebrum to measure biomarkers indicating induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after single or repeated exposure to 2.45 GHz radiation in the experimental set-up.

An Improved Pattern Synthesis Iterative Method in Planar Arrays for Obtaining Efficient Footprints with Arbitrary Boundaries.

In the present paper, an iterative technique devoted to reproducing efficient footprints with arbitrary boundaries for planar arrays is addressed. The methodology here depicted is based on exploiting the nature of the continuous aperture distribution by expressing it as a Fourier series of moderately high orders. In this manner, the resulting illumination boundary is defined by a target three-dimensional flat-topped pattern composed of stretching and shrinking modified circular Taylor patterns and the maximum order of the series to obtain a good reconstruction is determined by means of the iterative process.

Multiple Solutions Starting from Real Shaped Beams in Equispaced Linear Arrays.

In the present work, the theoretical basis of the multiplicity of solutions obtained from an initial real symmetric distribution is derived. This initial solution is devoted to generating an equivalent pure real shaped-beam pattern for a concrete synthesis scenario. However, these new solutions are not based on real symmetric distributions; hence, not based on the generation of pure real patterns.

Radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz increases toxicity, pro-inflammatory and pre-apoptotic activity caused by black carbon in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line.

Environmental factors such as air pollution by particles and/or electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are studied as harmful agents for human health. We analyzed whether the combined action of EMF with fine and coarse black carbon (BC) particles induced cell damage and inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cell line macrophages exposed to 2.

Evidence of cellular stress and caspase-3 resulting from a combined two-frequency signal in the cerebrum and cerebellum of sprague-dawley rats.

Multiple simultaneous exposures to electromagnetic signals induced adjustments in mammal nervous systems. In this study, we investigated the non-thermal SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) in the cerebral or cerebellar hemispheres of rats exposed in vivo to combined electromagnetic field (EMF) signals at 900 and 2450 MHz.Forty rats divided into four groups of 10 were individually exposed or not exposed to radiation in a GTEM chamber for one or two hours.