Evaluation level of serum vitamin B12 in Iraqi patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, who used the metformin drug as a hypoglycemic agent.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance, which can be combined with relatively decrease secretion of insulin hormone in the body. Metformin is usually recommended as a first-line treatment for diabetes mellitus-type 2, as it has a significant role in decrease mortality. This study aims to evaluate the B12 levels in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes, who were using the metformin drug in short-, medium- and long-term periods.

Determination of antibacterial activity and metabolite profile of against and .

Background: is one of the most used phytomedicines. To date, there is no report of determining the bioactivity of against cariogenic causing bacteria ( and ).

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity and metabolite profile of against and .