Evaluation of Ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Arteries (INOCA) and Contemporary Applications of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR).

Ischemia with no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) is a relatively newly discovered ischemic phenotype that affects patients similarly to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) but has a unique pathophysiology and epidemiology. Patients with INOCA present with ischemic signs and symptoms but no obstructive CAD seen on coronary CTA or invasive coronary angiography, which can assess epicardial vessels. The mechanisms of INOCA can be grouped into three endotypes: coronary microvascular dysfunction, epicardial coronary vasospasm, or a combination of both.