Assessment of variation in depth of brachial plexus using ultrasound for supraclavicular brachial plexus block in patients undergoing elective upper limb surgery.

Background And Aims: Supraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus may be associated with complications such as pneumothorax, inadvertent vascular puncture, inter-scalene block and neurovascular injuries. The present study was conceived to find out the variation in depth of brachial plexus to suggest the minimum length of needle required to effectively perform the block, thus preventing possible complications.

Methods: After approval from our Institutional Ethical Committee, informed and written consent was obtained from each of the ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status I and II patients recruited, of either sex in the age group of 20-50 years.

Disparities in Prevalence of Cardiometablic Risk Factors in Rural, Urban-Poor, and Urban-Middle Class Women in India.

Objective: Urbanization is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. To determine location-based differences in CVD risk factors in India we performed studies among women in rural, urban-poor and urban middle-class locations.

Methods: Population-based cross-sectional studies in rural, urban-poor, and urban-middle class women (35-70 y) were performed at multiple sites.

Diet and nutrient intakes in urban women of Rajasthan State, Northern India.

Dietary and nutrient intakes of adult women have not been studied extensively which may contribute in increasing burden of morbidity and mortality in women. Present study assessed the diet and nutrient intake of women in the age group of 35 -70 years. Door to door personal contact was done with women in identified locations and background was elicited using a questionnaire.

Population-based intervention for cardiovascular diseases related knowledge and behaviours in Asian Indian women.

Background & Objectives: There is poor knowledge and behaviors regarding chronic diseases related nutritional and lifestyle factors among women in low income countries. To evaluate efficacy of a multilevel population-based intervention in improving knowledge and practices for related factors we performed a study in India.

Methods: Population based study among women 35-70 years was performed in four urban and five rural locations.

Persistent high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the urban middle class in India: Jaipur Heart Watch-5.

Background And Objective: Urban subjects have high burden of cardiovascular risk factors, therefore, to evaluate risk factors in middle socioeconomic subjects and to study secular trends we performed an epidemiological study.

Methods: The study was performed at urban middle class locations defined according to municipal records in years 2009-10. Stratified random sampling using house-to-house survey was performed.

Metabolic cardiovascular risk factors worsen continuously across the spectrum of body mass index in Asian Indians.

Objectives: To determine relationship of body mass index (BMI) with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods: Population-based surveys were performed and 1893 subjects aged 20-59 years evaluated. Data were collected using anthropometry and fasting glucose and lipid estimation.

Migrating husbands and changing cardiovascular risk factors in the wife: a cross sectional study in Asian Indian women.

Objective: The authors studied the influence of migration of husband on cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indian women.

Methods: Population-based studies in women aged 35-70 years were performed in four urban and five rural locations. 4608 (rural 2604 and urban 2004) of the targeted 8000 (57%) were enrolled.

Twenty-year trends in cardiovascular risk factors in India and influence of educational status.

Background: Urban middle-socioeconomic status (SES) subjects have high burden of cardiovascular risk factors in low-income countries. To determine secular trends in risk factors among this population and to correlate risks with educational status we performed epidemiological studies in India.

Methods: Five cross-sectional studies were performed in middle-SES urban locations in Jaipur, India from years 1992 to 2010.

Determinants of urban-rural differences in cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged women in India: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most important cause of death amongst middle-aged Indian women. To determine prevalence of CVD risk factors and their determinants we performed a nationwide study.

Methods: Population based studies amongst women 35-70 years were performed in four urban and five rural locations in India.

Atherothrombotic risk factors & premature coronary heart disease in India: a case-control study.

Background & Objectives: It was hypothesized that both thrombogenic and atherogenic factors may be responsible for premature coronary heart disease (CHD) in young Indians. A case-control study was performed to determine cardiovascular risk factors in young patients with CHD in India.

Methods: Successive consenting patients <55 yr with an acute coronary event or recent diagnosis of CHD were enrolled (cases, n=165).

Cardiovascular risk according to educational status in India.

Objective: Influence of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular risk has not been well studied in low income countries. To determine risks in various educational status (ES) subjects we performed a study in India.

Methods: Epidemiological study was performed in years 1999-2003 in Jaipur (India) for coronary risk factors among 1280 adults 20-59 years (men 619, women 661).

Low use of statins and other coronary secondary prevention therapies in primary and secondary care in India.

Objective: To determine the frequency of use of pharmacotherapy with aspirin, beta blocker, statin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) among physicians at different levels of health care in Rajasthan state, India.

Methods: Physicians practicing at tertiary hospitals and clinics at tertiary, secondary and primary levels were contacted. Prescriptions of CHD patients were audited and descriptive statistics reported.

Younger age of escalation of cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indian subjects.

Background: Cardiovascular risk factors start early, track through the young age and manifest in middle age in most societies. We conducted epidemiological studies to determine prevalence and age-specific trends in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescent and young urban Asian Indians.

Methods: Population based epidemiological studies to identify cardiovascular risk factors were performed in North India in 1999-2002.

Secular trends in cholesterol lipoproteins and triglycerides and prevalence of dyslipidemias in an urban Indian population.

Background: Coronary heart disease is increasing in urban Indian subjects and lipid abnormalities are important risk factors. To determine secular trends in prevalence of various lipid abnormalities we performed studies in an urban Indian population.

Methods: Successive epidemiological Jaipur Heart Watch (JHW) studies were performed in Western India in urban locations.