[Primary chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible in children: etiology and diagnostics].

Primary chronic osteomyelitis (PCO) is a rare non-bacterial autoinflammatory severe disease that most often affects children aged 7 to 12 years and is much less common in adults. The most common areas of lesion are long tubular bones, however, any bones of the skeleton, including the lower jaw, can be affected. The clinical picture of this disease is complex and similar to many tumor and tumor-like bone lesions, which often leads to a significant delay in making a correct diagnosis.

Mummy of a juvenile sabre-toothed cat Homotherium latidens from the Upper Pleistocene of Siberia.

The frozen mummy of the large felid cub was found in the Upper Pleistocene permafrost on the Badyarikha River (Indigirka River basin) in the northeast of Yakutia, Russia. The study of the specimen appearance showed its significant differences from a modern lion cub of similar age (three weeks) in the unusual shape of the muzzle with a large mouth opening and small ears, the very massive neck region, the elongated forelimbs, and the dark coat color. Tomographic analysis of the mummy skull revealed the features characteristic of Machairodontinae and of the genus Homotherium.

The skull of Hapalodectes (Hapalodectidae, Mesonychia) from the Paleocene of Mongolia.

The incomplete skull of Hapalodectes (Hapalodectidae, Mesonychia) is described from the Upper Paleocene Naran Member of the Naran Bulak Formation of the Khaychin-Ula 2 locality in the Bugin Tsav Basin in the south of Mongolia. This is the first discovery of the skull of a Paleocene member of the genus. The skull corresponds in size and dental occlusion to the species H.

Etruscan Wolf Canis etruscus (Canidae, Carnivora) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea (Taurida Cave).

The cranial and mandibular fragments of the medium-sized canid from the Early Pleistocene locality of Taurida cave (about 1.8-1.5 Ma) in Crimea are described and included in the hypodigm of the species Canis etruscus Forsyth Major, 1877, a common member of the Late Villafranchian fauna of the Circum-Mediterranean region.

Cheetah Acinonyx pardinensis (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea (Taurida Cave).

A mandible fragment of Acinonyx pardinensis (Croizet et Jobert, 1828) is described from the Early Pleistocene locality in the Taurida cave (Crimea, Late Villafranchian, about 1.8-1.5 Ma).

Old World Fruit Bats (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera) from the Pleistocene of Vietnam.

Isolated teeth of a lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis (Müller, 1838), a fulvous fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultii (Desmarest, 1820), and a dawn bat Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson, 1871) are described from the Middle Pleistocene Tham Hai cave locality in northern Vietnam (Lang Son Province). These are the first fossil findings of the Old World fruit bats in Vietnam. The Middle Pleistocene association of Pteropodidae from the Tham Hai locality may largely reflect the composition of species that roosted in local caves.

Plecotus macrobullaris sarmaticus subsp. nov. (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea.

The extinct mountain long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris sarmaticus subsp. nov. is described on the base of jaw remains from the Lower Pleistocene of the Taurida cave in central Crimea.

Dental Anomaly in Hapalodectes dux (Hapalodectidae, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of Mongolia.

The holotype of Hapalodectes dux Lopatin, 2001 from the Upper Paleocene of Mongolia (Tsagan-Khushu locality, Naran Bulak Formation, Zhigden Member) is a lower jaw with complete dentition, showing healed alveoli in place of the right P. Examination of the holotype using X-ray microtomography revealed a rare dental anomaly previously unknown in fossil mammals, namely the presence of the inverted (positioned upside down and rotated lingual side labially) impacted premolar inside the dentary. The cause of this anomaly may be an aberration of a tooth bud location or an injury.

Mustela palerminea (Mustelidae, Carnivora) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea.

The mandibles of two individuals of Mustela palerminea (Petenyi, 1864) are described  from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Taurida cave in Crimea (Late Villafranchian, 1.8-1.5 Ma).

A New Species of Hapalodectes (Hapalodectidae, Mesonychia) from the Paleocene of Mongolia.

Hapalodectes paradux sp. nov. (Hapalodectidae, Mesonychia) is described on the base of the dentary fragment with M-M from the Tsagan-Khushu locality in Mongolia (Upper Paleocene, Naran Bulak Formation, Zhigden Member).

Mustela strandi (Mustelidae, Carnivora) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea.

The dentary of Mustela strandi Kormos, 1934 is described from the Lower Pleistocene deposits (Late Villafranchian, 1.8-1.5 Ma) of the Taurida cave in Crimea.

Eptesicus nilssonii varangus subsp. nov. (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) from the Lower Pleistocene of the Taurida Cave in Crimea.

A new northern serotine bat Eptesicus nilssonii varangus subsp. nov. is described on the base of an incomplete skull and a mandibular fragment from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Taurida cave in the central Crimea.

On the way from Asia to America: eutriconodontan mammals from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Russia.

Eutriconodonta are an important group of early crown mammals with a wide distribution in the Jurassic-Cretaceous of the Northern Hemisphere and few occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere. Three taxa of eutriconodontans are known from the Early Cretaceous high-latitude Teete vertebrate assemblage in Yakutia, Russia: Sangarotherium aquilonium (Eutriconodonta incertae sedis), Gobiconodon sp. A (large), and Gobiconodon sp.

Rhinolophus mehelyi scythotauricus subsp. nov. (Rhinolophidae, Chiroptera) from the Lower Pleistocene of the Taurida Cave in Crimea.

A new extinct subspecies of the Mehely's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus mehelyi scythotauricus subsp. nov., is described on the base of an incomplete skull from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Taurida cave in the central Crimea.

Early Pleistocene Serotine Bat Eptesicus praeglacialis (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) from the Taurida Cave in Crimea.

The cranial and mandibular remains of a large serotine bat Eptesicus praeglacialis Kormos, 1930 are described from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Taurida cave in the central Crimea. This is the first finding of the skull material of E. praeglacialis and the first record of the species in Crimea.

The First Record of Eothenomys (Arvicolinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia) from the Pleistocene of Vietnam.

The Oriental vole Eothenomys eleusis (Thomas, 1911) is identified from the Middle Pleistocene Tham Hai cave locality in northern Vietnam (Lang Son Province) based on isolated teeth. This is the first record of the Pleistocene Arvicolinae in Vietnam and the first fossil find of Eothenomys outside of China.

Chasmaporthetes lunensis (Hyaenidae, Carnivora) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea.

A maxillary fragment of the extinct hyena Chasmaporthetes lunensis (Del Campana, 1914) is described from the Early Pleistocene locality of the Taurida cave (Crimea, Late Villafranchian, 1.8-1.5 Ma).

Early Pleistocene Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus macrorhinus cimmerius subsp. nov. (Rhinolophidae, Chiroptera) from the Taurida Cave in Crimea.

Numerous remains (incomplete skull, cranial and mandibular fragments, and isolated teeth) of a large horseshoe bat of the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum group are described from the Lower Pleistocene depo-sits of the Taurida cave in the central Crimea. They are assigned to Rhinolophus macrorhinus cimmerius subsp. nov.

DIRECT EVIDENCE OF THE MOLARIFORM TOOTH REPLACEMENT IN Gobiconodon borissiaki (GOBICONODONTIDAE, MAMMALIA) FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS OF MONGOLIA.

The maxillary fragment of eutriconodontan Gobiconodon borissiaki Trofimov, 1978 (Gobiconodontidae) is described from the Early Cretaceous Zuun-Höövör locality in Mongolia (Övörkhangai aimag, Guchin-Us sum). It demonstrates erupting МRR (second molariform tooth of the third generation) along with the presence of the almost unworn MR and alveoli of MR and M. This is the first direct evidence of the molariform tooth replacement in Gobiconodon from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia.

Shrews of the Genus Chodsigoa (Soricidae, Lipotyphla) from the Pleistocene of Vietnam.

The first finds of the fossil remains of the members of the genus Chodsigoa outside China are described from the Pleistocene of northern Vietnam. They are assigned to C. caovansunga Lunde, Musser et Son, 2003 (a maxillary fragment with A-M, an isolated M, and a dentary with I and P-M) from the Middle Pleistocene of the Tham Hai cave (Lang Son Province) and C.

Gigantopithecus blacki (Primates, Ponginae) from the Lang Trang Cave (Northern Vietnam): The Latest Gigantopithecus in the Late Pleistocene?

The dental remains of Gigantopithecus blacki von Koenigswald, 1935 (a complete right m2 with roots and distal fragment of left m2 crown) from the Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Lang Trang cave in northern Vietnam (Thanh Hoa Province) are described. It is the first record of Gigantopithecus in the Upper Pleistocene of Vietnam and, apparently, the second one in the Upper Pleistocene in general (considering material from Shuangtan cave in southern China). Probably, the extinction of G.

Early Pleistocene Lynx issiodorensis (Felidae, Carnivora) from the Taurida Cave, Crimea.

The cranial and mandibular remains of two adult individuals of Lynx issiodorensis (Croizet et Jobert, 1828) are described from the Early Pleistocene locality of the Taurida cave (Crimea, Late Villafranchian, 1.8-1.5 Ma).

A New Species of Typhlomys (Platacanthomyidae, Rodentia) from the Middle Pleistocene of Northern Vietnam.

A pygmy dormouse Typhlomys stegodontis sp. nov. is described on the base of the maxillary fragment and isolated teeth from the Middle Pleistocene Tham Hai cave locality in northern Vietnam (Lang Son Province).