Efficacy and Safety of Intrathecal Morphine for Cesarean Delivery: A Narrative Review.

Purpose Of Review: Pain management is a critical aspect of care during and following a cesarean delivery. Without proper control of pain, individuals can experience poor mobility, increased thromboembolic events, and difficulty caring for the neonate in the postpartum period. There have been multiple methods for pain management for cesarean delivery and intrathecal morphine (ITM) has emerged as a prominent option for post-operative analgesia due to its efficacy, safety, and potential benefits over other treatments.

Metagenomic analysis of Mesolithic chewed pitch reveals poor oral health among stone age individuals.

Prehistoric chewed pitch has proven to be a useful source of ancient DNA, both from humans and their microbiomes. Here we present the metagenomic analysis of three pieces of chewed pitch from Huseby Klev, Sweden, that were dated to 9,890-9,540 before present. The metagenomic profile exposes a Mesolithic oral microbiome that includes opportunistic oral pathogens.

Saffold virus infection in elderly people with acute gastroenteritis in Sweden.

Viral gastroenteritis is a major source of morbidity and mortality, predominantly caused by so-called NOROAD viruses (norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus). In approximately onethird of all cases, however, the exact etiology is unknown. The in 2007 discovered human cardiovirus Saffold virus (SAFV) may prove to be a plausible candidate to explain this diagnostic gap.

Early Entry Events in Echovirus 30 Infection.

Echovirus 30 (E30), a member of the enterovirus B species, is a major cause of viral meningitis, targeting children and adults alike. While it is a frequently isolated enterovirus and the cause of several outbreaks all over the world, surprisingly little is known regarding its entry and replication strategy within cells. In this study, we used E30 strain Bastianni (E30B) generated from an infectious cDNA clone in order to study early entry events during infection in human RD cells.

Correction to: Recommendations for the nomenclature of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses.

Unfortunately, one of the affiliations of author "A. E. Gorbalenya" was missed in original version.

Recommendations for the nomenclature of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses.

Enteroviruses (EVs) and rhinoviruses (RVs) are significant pathogens of humans and are the subject of intensive clinical and epidemiological research and public health measures, notably in the eradication of poliovirus and in the investigation and control of emerging pathogenic EV types worldwide. EVs and RVs are highly diverse in their antigenic properties, tissue tropism, disease associations and evolutionary relationships, but the latter often conflict with previously developed biologically defined terms, such as "coxsackieviruses", "polioviruses" and "echoviruses", which were used before their genetic interrelationships were understood. This has created widespread formatting problems and inconsistencies in the nomenclature for EV and RV types and species in the literature and public databases.

Slow Infection due to Lowering the Amount of Intact versus Empty Particles Is a Characteristic Feature of Coxsackievirus B5 Dictated by the Structural Proteins.

Enterovirus B species typically cause a rapid cytolytic infection leading to efficient release of progeny viruses. However, they are also capable of persistent infections in tissues, which are suggested to contribute to severe chronic states such as myocardial inflammation and type 1 diabetes. In order to understand the factors contributing to differential infection strategies, we constructed a chimera by combining the capsid proteins from fast-cytolysis-causing echovirus 1 (EV1) with nonstructural proteins from coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), which shows persistent infection in RD cells.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Picornaviridae.

The family Picornaviridae comprises small non-enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 6.7 to 10.1 kb, and contains >30 genera and >75 species.

The Transcriptome of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells Infected with Cytolytic and Non-Cytolytic Variants of Coxsackievirus B2 Ohio-1.

The transcriptomes of cells infected with lytic and non-lytic variants of coxsackievirus B2 Ohio-1 (CVB2O) were analyzed using next generation sequencing. This approach was selected with the purpose of elucidating the effects of lytic and non-lytic viruses on host cell transcription. Total RNA was extracted from infected cells and sequenced.

Structure of Aichi Virus 1 and Its Empty Particle: Clues to Kobuvirus Genome Release Mechanism.

(AiV-1) is a human pathogen from the genus of the family. Worldwide, 80 to 95% of adults have antibodies against the virus. AiV-1 infections are associated with nausea, gastroenteritis, and fever.

Structure and Genome Release Mechanism of the Human Cardiovirus Saffold Virus 3.

Unlabelled: In order to initiate an infection, viruses need to deliver their genomes into cells. This involves uncoating the genome and transporting it to the cytoplasm. The process of genome delivery is not well understood for nonenveloped viruses.

Structure of Ljungan virus provides insight into genome packaging of this picornavirus.

Picornaviruses are responsible for a range of human and animal diseases, but how their RNA genome is packaged remains poorly understood. A particularly poorly studied group within this family are those that lack the internal coat protein, VP4. Here we report the atomic structure of one such virus, Ljungan virus, the type member of the genus Parechovirus B, which has been linked to diabetes and myocarditis in humans.

Efficient replication of recombinant Enterovirus B types, carrying different P1 genes in the coxsackievirus B5 replicative backbone.

Recombination is an important feature in the evolution of the Enterovirus genus. Phylogenetic studies of enteroviruses have revealed that the capsid genomic region (P1) is type specific, while the parts of the genome coding for the non-structural proteins (P2-P3) are species specific. Hence, the genome may be regarded as consisting of two modules that evolve independently.

Improved replication efficiency of echovirus 5 after transfection of colon cancer cells using an authentic 5' RNA genome end methodology.

Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising novel form of cancer treatment, but the therapeutic efficiency needs improvement. A potential strategy to enhance the therapeutic effect of oncolytic viruses is to use infectious nucleic acid as therapeutic agent to initiate an oncolytic infection, without administrating infectious viral particles. Here we demonstrate improved viral replication activation efficiency when transfecting cells with 5' end authentic in vitro transcribed enterovirus RNA as compared to genomic RNA with additional non-genomic 5' nucleotides generated by conventional cloning methods.

Enteroviral central nervous system infections in children of the region of monastir, Tunisia: diagnosis, laboratory findings of cerebrospinal fluid and clinical manifestations.

Human enteroviruses (HEV) are one of the major causes of central nervous system (CNS) infections in pediatrics. A prospective study was conducted to assess the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of enterovirus (EV) infections of the CNS in children under 15-years-old, suspected of having viral CNS infections and admitted to the Pediatric Department of Monastir University Hospital, Tunisia. Enteroviral RNA was detected by 5' NCR nested RT-PCR assay in 33 % (20 out of 60) of cerebrospinal fluid specimens, whereas only six samples (10 %) were EV positive in cell culture.

Evidence of Ljungan virus specific antibodies in humans and rodents, Finland.

Ljungan virus (LV, genus Parechovirus, family Picornaviridae) is considered currently to be a rodent-borne virus. Despite suggested human disease associations, its zoonotic potential remains unclear. To date, LV antibody prevalence in both humans and rodents has not been studied.

Transportation of nanoscale cargoes by myosin propelled actin filaments.

Myosin II propelled actin filaments move ten times faster than kinesin driven microtubules and are thus attractive candidates as cargo-transporting shuttles in motor driven lab-on-a-chip devices. In addition, actomyosin-based transportation of nanoparticles is useful in various fundamental studies. However, it is poorly understood how actomyosin function is affected by different number of nanoscale cargoes, by cargo size, and by the mode of cargo-attachment to the actin filament.

Aichi virus infection in elderly people in Sweden.

Aichi virus (AiV), genus Kobuvirus, family Picornaviridae, is associated with gastroenteritis in humans. Previous studies have shown high seroprevalence but low incidence (0.9-4.

Characterization of the viral microbiome in patients with severe lower respiratory tract infections, using metagenomic sequencing.

The human respiratory tract is heavily exposed to microorganisms. Viral respiratory tract pathogens, like RSV, influenza and rhinoviruses cause major morbidity and mortality from respiratory tract disease. Furthermore, as viruses have limited means of transmission, viruses that cause pathogenicity in other tissues may be transmitted through the respiratory tract.

A model system for in vitro studies of bank vole borne viruses.

The bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is a common small mammal in Europe and a natural host for several important emerging zoonotic viruses, e.g. Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) that causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).

Cytolytic replication of echoviruses in colon cancer cell lines.

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, killing nearly 50% of patients afflicted. Though progress is being made within surgery and other complementary treatments, there is still need for new and more effective treatments. Oncolytic virotherapy, meaning that a cancer is cured by viral infection, is a promising field for finding new and improved treatments.

Characterization of a putative ancestor of coxsackievirus B5.

Like other RNA viruses, coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) exists as circulating heterogeneous populations of genetic variants. In this study, we present the reconstruction and characterization of a probable ancestral virion of CVB5. Phylogenetic analyses based on capsid protein-encoding regions (the VP1 gene of 41 clinical isolates and the entire P1 region of eight clinical isolates) of CVB5 revealed two major cocirculating lineages.

Studies of Echovirus 5 interactions with the cell surface: heparan sulfate mediates attachment to the host cell.

Infections caused by Echovirus 5 (E5), an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, have been associated with fever, rashes and sporadic cases of aseptic meningitis. To elucidate the receptor usage of this virus, the significance of a previously proposed integrin binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif found in the VP3 capsid protein was investigated, as well as the capacity of E5 to interact with heparan sulfate on the cell surface. Using the prototype strain E5 Noyce (E5N), an E5N mutant where the aspartic acid of the RGD motif has been substituted to a glutamic acid and clinical E5 isolates, the RGD motif of VP3 was found to be non-essential and hence not involved in integrin receptor binding.

A single coxsackievirus B2 capsid residue controls cytolysis and apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells.

Coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2), one of six human pathogens of the group B coxsackieviruses within the enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae, causes a wide spectrum of human diseases ranging from mild upper respiratory illnesses to myocarditis and meningitis. The CVB2 prototype strain Ohio-1 (CVB2O) was originally isolated from a patient with summer grippe in the 1950s. Later on, CVB2O was adapted to cytolytic replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells.

A rapid and efficient method for studies of virus interaction at the host cell surface using enteroviruses and real-time PCR.

Background: Measuring virus attachment to host cells is of great importance when trying to identify novel receptors. The presence of a usable receptor is a major determinant of viral host range and cell tropism. Furthermore, identification of appropriate receptors is central for the understanding of viral pathogenesis and gives possibilities to develop antiviral drugs.