Animal models of cocaine use: importance of social context and co-use.

Cocaine-use disorders (CUDs) continue to be a major public health problem that requires effective treatments. Despite decades of preclinical research, there are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for cocaine use. While there are numerous potential reasons why no efficacious treatments have been identified or approved for cocaine use, we discuss two possible reasons in this review: the low number of studies incorporating social variables and the overlooking of the clinical reality of polysubstance use.

Workplace Violence Is Home Now for Healthcare Workers: Spillover Theory Perspective.

In recent years, workplace violence has become an escalating concern, particularly within the healthcare sector. Healthcare workers, who dedicate their lives to caring for others, are increasingly facing violence within their workplaces as evidenced by existing studies. However, literature overlooks complex associations between workplace violence, workplace stress, and domestic violence and stress.

Unveiling results and insights from multinational, multicenter Study of Prescribing patterns and Effectiveness of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Real-world Analysis (SPECTRA).

Objectives: Antibacterial-resistant gram-negative hospital-acquired infections result in significant morbidity and mortality. In clinical trials, ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) has been effective against these infections; however, real-world findings are limited.

Methods: SPECTRA was a global, retrospective, observational inpatient study of adults treated with C/T for ≥48 hours, conducted between 2016 and 2020.

High Modified 5 Factor Frailty Index is Associated With Worse PROMs and Decreased Return to Activities After 1 or 2 Level MI-TLIF.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Objective: Frailty is defined as a state of minimal "physiologic reserve." The modified 5 factor frailty index (mFI-5) is a recently proposed metric for assessing frailty and has been previously studied as a predictor of morbidity and mortality.

Sex chromosomes and sex hormones differently shape microglial properties during normal physiological conditions in the adult mouse hippocampus.

The brain presents various structural and functional sex differences, for which multiple factors are attributed: genetic, epigenetic, metabolic, and hormonal. While biological sex is determined by both sex chromosomes and sex hormones, little is known about how these two factors interact to establish this dimorphism. Sex differences in the brain also affect its resident immune cells, microglia, which actively survey the brain parenchyma and interact with sex hormones throughout life.

Practitioner, patient and public views on the acceptability of mobile stroke units in England and Wales: A mixed methods study.

Background: Evidence for Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs) demonstrates that onset to treatment times for intravenous thrombolysis can be reduced and access to mechanical thrombectomy might be improved. Despite growing use of MSUs internationally, to date there have been no studies in NHS England and NHS Wales exploring the acceptability of MSUs to clinicians, patient and public representatives and other key stakeholders, which are important when considering potential feasibility and implementation.

Methods: This study used a mixed methods design with a cross-sectional survey and qualitative workshops and interviews between October 2023 to May 2024.

Electrochemical Filtration of Gadolinium from Patient Urine after Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The widespread use of gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in recent decades has led to a growing demand for Gd and raised environmental concerns due to their direct discharge into wastewater systems. In response, we developed an electrochemical filtration method to recover Gd from patient urine following contrast-enhanced MRI. This method involves modifying a conventional vacuum filtration apparatus by introducing electrodes into the filter membrane, creating a strong electric field of ∼5 kV/m and a steep three-zone pH gradient within the filter membrane.

Exercise induces dynamic changes in intra-articular metabolism and inflammation associated with remodeling of the infrapatellar fat pad in mice.

We hypothesized that daily exercise promotes joint health by upregulating anti-inflammatory mediators via adaptive molecular and metabolic changes in the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP). We tested this hypothesis by conducting time-resolved analyses between 1 and 14 days of voluntary wheel running exercise in C57BL/6J mice. IFP structure and cellularity were evaluated by histomorphology, picrosirius red collagen staining, and flow cytometry analysis of stromal vascular fraction cells.

Impact of pedicle screw accuracy on clinical outcomes after 1- or 2-level minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

Objective: When creating minimally invasive spine fusion constructs, accurate pedicle screw fixation is essential for biomechanical strength and avoiding complications arising from delicate surrounding structures. As research continues to analyze how to improve accuracy, long-term patient outcomes based on screw accuracy remain understudied. The objective of this study was to analyze long-term patient outcomes based on screw accuracy.

The Microenvironment in DCIS and Its Role in Disease Progression.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for ~20% of all breast cancer diagnoses but whilst known to be a precursor of invasive breast cancer (IBC), evidence suggests only one in six patients will ever progress. A key challenge is to distinguish between those lesions that will progress and those that will remain indolent. Molecular analyses of neoplastic epithelial cells have not identified consistent differences between lesions that progressed and those that did not, and this has focused attention on the tumour microenvironment (ME).

Understanding co-production of injury research in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: a comprehensive scoping review.

Background: Injury causes significant burden on Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. However, a considerable portion of the research conducted in this area has been carried out by Western researchers. It has been acknowledged that historical research methodologies and discourses around Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research may not be suitable or beneficial.

Effects of Concentrate Feed Starch Source Offered Twice a Day on Feed Intake and Milk Production of Cows During the Early Postpartum Period.

This experiment determined the effects of two different starch sources when offered twice a day to cows during the early postpartum period (1 to 23 d postpartum, treatment period) on dry matter intake (DMI), feeding behavior, and milk production. The subsequent effects on milk production in the carryover period (24 to 72 d) where cows received a common diet (grazed perennial ryegrass pasture plus concentrate supplements) were also measured. Thirty-two multiparous dairy cows were offered concentrate feed (8 kg DM/d) containing 5 kg DM of crushed wheat grain or ground corn grain (7 h in vitro starch digestibility of 65.

The Impact of Evolving Endometriosis Guidelines on Diagnosis and Observational Health Studies.

Study Question: Do recent changes in European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) clinical guidelines result in more comprehensive diagnosis of women with endometriosis?

Summary Answer: The latest shift in clinical guidelines results in diagnosis of more women with endometriosis but current ESHRE diagnostic criteria do not capture a sizable percentage of women with the disease.

What Is Known Already: Historically, laparoscopy was the gold standard for diagnosing endometriosis, a complex gynecological condition marked by a heterogeneous set of symptoms that vary widely among women. More recently, changes in clinical guidelines have shifted to incorporate imaging-based approaches such as transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.

The Patient Perspective on Discussion of Perioperative Code Status: A Blind Spot in Efforts to Promote Goal-Concordant Surgical Care.

Despite long-standing recognition that providers should discuss DNR (do-not-resuscitate) orders prior to surgery, there is evidence that perioperative code status discussions are frequently of limited quality. Limited attention has been paid to patient perspectives. Determine the scope of literature on management of perioperative DNR orders from the patient perspective.

Perfusion Showdown: Comparison of Multiple MRI Perfusion Techniques in the Grading of Pediatric Brain Tumors.

Background And Purpose: There are multiple MRI perfusion techniques, with limited available literature comparing these techniques in the grading of pediatric brain tumors. For efficiency and limiting scan time, ideally only one MRI perfusion technique can be used in initial imaging. We compared DSC, DCE, and IVIM along with ADC from DWI for differentiating high versus low grade pediatric brain tumors.

The association between gait speed and falls in ambulatory adults with spinal muscular atrophy: a retrospective pilot study.

Introduction: Fatigue and gait speed are established determinants of fall risk in patients with neurological disorders. However, data on adults with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is limited. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate falls and risk factors in adults with SMA.

Influence of coronal lumbar Cobb angle and surgical level on short-segment lumbar surgery outcomes in degenerative scoliosis.

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between surgical levels and coronal deformity to identify risk factors for failing to achieve a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) following short-segment isolated decompression or fusion surgery in patients with degenerative scoliosis (DS) and concurrent lumbar canal stenosis (LCS), without severe sagittal deformity malalignment.

Methods: Patients with degenerative scoliosis who underwent 1- or 2-level lumbar isolated decompression or fusion surgery were included. Surgical level was labeled as "Cobb-related" when decompression or surgical levels spanned or were between end vertebrae, and "outside" when the operative levels did not include the end vertebrae.

No gender difference in confidence or metacognitive ability in perceptual decision-making.

Prior research has found inconsistent results regarding gender differences in confidence and metacognitive ability. Different studies have shown that men are either more or less confident and have either higher or lower metacognitive abilities than women. However, this research has generally not used well-controlled tasks or used performance-independent measures of metacognitive ability.