[Freud, the biography, his autobiography and his biographers].

Freud has a dual attitude to the biographical genre. When he places himself in the position of psychoanalyst-biographer of others, he is enthusiastic, speaking of ground to be conquered for psychoanalysis, and his works, as well as his correspondence, show that he continued to devote himself to investigations which resulted in interpretations of a number of personalities, the most detailed of which dealt with Leonardo de Vinci, Goethe, Dostoyevsky, President Wilson, and Moses. On the other hand, even though during the first years of the discovery of psychoanalysis he allowed himself, in a more or less veiled manner, confidences of an autobiographical nature, Freud remained very secretive about himself.

[Images of Freud: Freud's correspondence].

Because of the specific investment to be found in the estimated 20,000 letters or more that comprise Freud's correspondence, the study of this epistolary activity as such leads us to various insights: on Freud himself, describing himself day by day, on the history and the quality of the conscious or unconscious libidinal relations that linked him to his principal correspondents and, taking this exceptional case as our starting point, on the specificity of the need to write and receive letters that is to be found in varying degrees in every human being. Leaving to others the task of examining the contents of this correspondence in close detail as a source of biographical and theoretical information, this study is concerned with Freud's own comments on the manifold aspects of the letterwriter's craft. This approach entails a specific type of methodology: a reading of approximately four hundred excerpts from Freud's letters, restricted to the passages dealing with the material circumstances in which they were written, their graphic presentation, the strict accounts that were kept of the correspondence, the frequency of the letters, their conventional aspects or those revealing a degree of intimacy, etc.

[Psychoanalysis and psychoanalysts in France between 1939 and 1945].

France was affected by a deep psychoanalytic silence, both in theoretical and clinical fields, throughout the four years of German occupation. The psychoanalytic Institute closed its doors and the Revue française de psychanalyse interrupted its publication as soon as the armistice of 1940. Some people, e.