Recapitulation and investigation of human brain development with neural organoids.

Organoids are 3D cultured tissues derived from stem cells that resemble the structure of living organs. Based on the accumulated knowledge of neural development, neural organoids that recapitulate neural tissue have been created by inducing self-organized neural differentiation of stem cells. Neural organoid techniques have been applied to human pluripotent stem cells to differentiate 3D human neural tissues in culture.

Deciphering potential vascularization factors of on-chip co-cultured hiPSC-derived cerebral organoids.

The lack of functional vascular system in stem cell-derived cerebral organoids (COs) limits their utility in modeling developmental processes and disease pathologies. Unlike other organs, brain vascularization is poorly understood, which makes it particularly difficult to mimic . Although several attempts have been made to vascularize COs, complete vascularization leading to functional capillary network development has only been achieved transplantation into a mouse brain.

P2Y1R silencing in Astrocytes Protected Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Astrocytes, the major non-dividing glial cells in the central nervous system, exhibit hyperactivation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), leading to neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments. P2Y1-receptor (P2Y1R) in AD brain has been pointed out some contribution to AD pathogenesis, therefore, this study aims to elucidate how astrocytic P2Y1R affects the progression of AD and explore its potential as a new target for AD therapy. In this study, we performed the two-steps verification to assess P2Y1R inhibition in AD progression: P2Y1R-KO AD mice and AD mice treated with astrocyte-specific P2Y1R gene knockdown by using shRNAs for P2Y1R in adeno-associated virus vector.

Survival and process outgrowth of human iPSC-derived cells expressing Purkinje cell markers in a mouse model for spinocerebellar degenerative disease.

Purkinje cells are the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and play central roles in the integration of cerebellum-related motor coordination and memory. The loss or dysfunction of Purkinje cells due to cerebellar atrophy leads to severe ataxia. Here we used in vivo transplantation to examine the function of human iPS cell-derived cerebellar progenitors in adult transgenic mice in which Purkinje-specific cell death occurs due to cytotoxicity of polyglutamines.

Applications of three-dimensional printers in prosthetic dentistry.

This narrative review aims to provide an overview of recent studies and case reports on three-dimensional (3D) printing, and to verify the applicability of 3D printers in the field of dental prostheses. This review was performed by conducting a search of PubMed. The clinical application of fabricating a prosthesis made with cobalt-chromium is considered possible depending on the material and hardware of the 3D printer.