Continental-scale dynamics of avian influenza in U.S. waterfowl are driven by demography, migration, and temperature.

Emerging diseases of wildlife origin are increasingly spilling over into humans and domestic animals. Surveillance and risk assessments for transmission between these populations are informed by a mechanistic understanding of the pathogens in wildlife reservoirs. For avian influenza viruses (AIV), much observational and experimental work in wildlife has been conducted at local scales, yet fully understanding their spread and distribution requires assessing the mechanisms acting at both local, (e.

Add-on effect of clarithromycin to oral steroids as post- operative therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Evidence is lacking regarding the efficacy of macrolides and oral corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Therefore, we examined the benefits of adding clarithromycin to oral pred- nisolone as post-ESS medical therapy in patients with CRSwNP.

Methods: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients were enrolled and allocated to three study groups receiving different post-ESS medical therapies: group A (placebo for 14 weeks), group B (oral prednisolone [15 mg twice daily] for 2 weeks, followed by placebo for 12 weeks), and group C (oral prednisolone [15 mg twice daily] for 2 weeks, followed by clari- thromycin [500 mg daily] for 12 weeks).

Spongiform pemphigoid: A case series of an uncommon histopathologic pattern.

Introduction: Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune bullous disease characterized by subepidermal separation. We encountered cases of bullous pemphigoid confirmed by direct immunofluorescence study but demonstrating spongiotic dermatitis without subepidermal clefting. Many of them occurred in volar sites, mimicking dyshidrotic dermatitis.

Identification of migratory bird flyways in North America using community detection on biological networks.

Migratory behavior of waterfowl populations in North America has traditionally been broadly characterized by four north-south flyways, and these flyways have been central to the management of waterfowl populations for more than 80 yr. However, previous flyway characterizations are not easily updated with current bird movement data and fail to provide assessments of the importance of specific geographical regions to the identification of flyways. Here, we developed a network model of migratory movement for four waterfowl species, Mallard (Anas platyrhnchos), Northern Pintail (A.