Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Slovakia, 2020 - Emergence of an Epidemic USA300 Clone in Community and Hospitals.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of health care-associated infections. Additionally, over the decades, the spread of community-associated (CA-MRSA) clones has become a serious problem. The aim of this study was to gain data on the current epidemiology of MRSA in Slovakia.

Clostridioides difficile infections were predominantly driven by fluoroquinolone-resistant Clostridioides difficile ribotypes 176 and 001 in Slovakia in 2018-2019.

Aim: To investigate the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in Slovakian hospitals after the emergence of ribotype 176 (027-like) in 2016.

Methods: Between 2018 and 2019, European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention CDI surveillance protocol v2.3 was applied to 14 hospitals, with additional data collected on recent antimicrobial use and the characterization of C.

Toxicological safety assessment of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide 3'-sialyllactose sodium salt.

Human breastmilk is a mixture of nutrients, hormones and bioactive molecules that are vital for infant growth and development. Infant formula (IF) lacks many of these compounds, most notably human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are abundant in breastmilk but scarce in IF. Sialyllactoses, such as 3'-sialyllactose, constitute a large portion of the HMO fraction.

Toxicological safety evaluation of the human-identical milk oligosaccharide 6'-sialyllactose sodium salt.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant in breastmilk, but their presence in infant formula is negligible. Sialylated HMOs, such as 6'-sialyllactose, constitute a significant portion of the HMO fraction of human milk and are linked to important biological functions. To produce infant formula that is more comparable with human milk, biosynthesized sialyllactoses known as human-identical milk oligosaccharides (structurally identical counterparts to their respective naturally occurring HMOs in breastmilk) are proposed for use in infant formula and other functional foods for the general population.