Unilateral Venous Approach to Contralateral or Bilateral Carotid Cavernous Shunts.

Background: Cavernous carotid fistulas (CCF) are anatomically complex vascular lesions. Treatment via the venous approach has been previously described and is highly dependent on the patency of the drainage pathways. The use of a unilateral approach to contralateral or bilateral shunts is technically challenging and not commonly described.

Variant of the Technique for Laryngeal Microsurgery in Cases of Difficult Laryngoscopy.

 Low exposure of the larynx can make laryngeal microsurgery difficult or even impossible. The application of rigid and contact endoscopy enabled oblique and retrograde angled visualization, allowing transoperative staging with greater reach of the anatomical areas. However, there is difficulty or even impossibility of performing the surgical act, due to the incompatibility of the angled path with the straight surgical tools.

Trapping and resection of cortical MCA mycotic aneurysm in eloquent area.

Background: Mycotic aneurysms, although well recognized, are relatively rare intracranial vascular pathology. These aneurysms are typically located in distal cortical vessels. When these aneurysms are located in eloquent cerebral territories, they may become challenging to treat.

Intracranial Bypass of Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms: Indications, Technical Aspects, and Clinical Outcomes.

Background: For some posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms, there is no constructive endovascular or direct surgical clipping option. Intracranial bypass is an alternative to a deconstructive technique.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical features, surgical techniques, and outcome of PICA aneurysms treated with bypass and obliteration of the diseased segment.

Intraoperative Angiography for Arteriovenous Malformation Resection in the Prone and Lateral Positions, Using Upper Extremity Arterial Access.

Background: Intraoperative angiography is routinely utilized for aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) to verify complete occlusion and resection. Surgery for spinal and posterior fossa neurovascular lesions is usually performed in prone position. Intraoperative angiography in the prone position is challenging and there is no standardized protocol for this procedure.