Balanced anesthesia in pigeons (): a protocol that ensures stable vital parameters and feasibility during long surgeries in cognitive neuroscience.

In neuroscience, numerous experimental procedures in animal models require surgical interventions, such as the implantation of recording electrodes or cannulas before main experiments. These surgeries can take several hours and should rely on principles that are common in the field of research and medicine. Considering the characteristics of the avian respiratory physiology, the development of a safe and replicable protocol for birds is necessary to minimize side effects of anesthetic agents, circumvent technical limitations due to the insufficient availability of patient monitoring, and to maintain stable intraoperative anesthesia.

Subjective and objective evaluations of feature selected multi output filter for speckle reduction on ultrasound images.

Ultrasonographic examination, either as visual inspection or quantitative analysis, is the most widely diagnostic resource. However, speckle noise is one of the drawbacks that makes it less effective than other medical imaging systems. Several speckle reduction methods often offer effective speckle reduction but generally suffer from oversmoothing, a blurring effect and a man-made appearance.