The role of insurance policies in the drug pricing landscape.

Introduction: This overview paper aims at summarizing and analyzing the available literature on healthcare system organization and pricing policies of 11 European countries, comparing them to the Bulgarian pharmaceutical system. The countries were selected based on the reference basket for the pricing of pharmaceuticals in Bulgaria - Belgium, Greece, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and France.

Areas Covered: In the first part, we explore the health system models in the above-mentioned countries.

Recommendations for patient involvement in health technology assessment in Central and Eastern European countries.

Introduction: Meaningful patient involvement in health technology assessment (HTA) is essential in ensuring that the interests of the affected patient population, their families, and the general public are accurately reflected in coverage and reimbursement decisions. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are generally at less advanced stages of implementing HTA, which is particularly true for patient involvement activities. As part of the Horizon2020 HTx project, this research aimed to form recommendations for critical barriers to patient involvement in HTA in CEE countries.

Recommendations to overcome barriers to the use of artificial intelligence-driven evidence in health technology assessment.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted much attention because of its enormous potential in healthcare, but uptake has been slow. There are substantial barriers that challenge health technology assessment (HTA) professionals to use AI-generated evidence for decision-making from large real-world databases (e.g.

Tackling reimbursement challenges to fair access to medicines - introduction to the topic.

Introduction: Ensuring both financial and physical access to medicines is a challenge for the reimbursement system. How countries are currently tackling this challenge is an issue worth exploring in this review paper.

Areas Covered: The review covered three areas of studies such as pricing, reimbursement, and patient access measures.

Reconstitution defines the roles of p62, NBR1 and TAX1BP1 in ubiquitin condensate formation and autophagy initiation.

The autophagic degradation of misfolded and ubiquitinated proteins is important for cellular homeostasis. In this process, which is governed by cargo receptors, ubiquitinated proteins are condensed into larger structures and subsequently become targets for the autophagy machinery. Here we employ in vitro reconstitution and cell biology to define the roles of the human cargo receptors p62/SQSTM1, NBR1 and TAX1BP1 in the selective autophagy of ubiquitinated substrates.