Vascular evaluation.

This article details a variety of tests to detect venous insufficiency in the lower extremities, including palpation, stress testing, thermometry, thermography, segmental systolic pressures, Doppler studies, and plethysmography.

Lymphatic diseases.

The microcirculation is the keystone of bodily homeostasis. Although it may be altered organically as in arteriolosclerosis and diabetic angiopathy, its unique architecture makes it prone to spasticity. This article discusses vasospasticity and diagnostic approaches and treatment for Raynaud's vasospasticity, acrocyanosis, and livedo reticularis.

Vasospastic disorders.

Any disruption of the lymphatic system, including vessels and nodes, precludes the mobilization of lymph, resulting in the accumulation of colloidal material in the intercellular spaces. This article outlines the lymphatic system development and anatomy, leg lymph composition and flow, and diagnostic approaches and treatment for various forms of primary and secondary lymphedema.