Development of silk microfiber-reinforced bioink for muscle tissue engineering and in situ printing by a handheld 3D printer.

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) presents a significant challenge in tissue engineering due to the irreparable nature of extensive muscle injuries. In this study, we propose a novel approach for VML treatment using a bioink composed of silk microfiber-reinforced silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel. The engineered scaffolds are predesigned to provide structural support and fiber alignment to promote tissue regeneration in situ.

[Visual and auditory analyzers of human under the conditions of acceleration: comparative analysis of the genesis of disturbances].

More than 500 pinpoint physiological experiments were to discern the state and genesis of visual and auditory disturbances during rotation on an 8-meter armed centrifuge at 14 g. The ample instrumentation provided a broad variety of measurements within very short intervals including acuity and angle of vision, absolute light sensitivity, critical flicker frequency, threshold of tone hearing, speech intelligibility. Examination of the eye ground blood vessels was conducted both remotely and by an ophthalmologist sitting next to a volunteered subject during rotation.

[Medical aspect of cosmonauts' safety during emergency landing. Respicere et prospicere].

Participating in the comprehensive development of the system for safe emergency landing in space vehicles Voskhod and Soyuz, enterprise "Zvezda" undertook an extensive program of technical and physiological experiments with volunteers, including a group of physicians, in the interest of designing personal protection means for space crew. Over 130 physiological pile-engine experiments with the impact velocity of up to 9 m/s were performed between 1963 and 1967. The article presents medical and biomechanical analysis of the experimental data.

[Water immersion as an anti-g protection for pilot. Pro et contra].

In the period of 1988 - 1990 the ZVEZDA Aerospace medicine Department fulfilled comprehensive physiological investigations in order to assess the prospects for water immersion as an anti-g gear for pilots of high-maneuver aircraft. Both dry and open water immersion methods were used. More than 150 centrifuge runs were conducted to define limits for the acceleration value and time of 9-g tolerance.

[The ergonomic aspects of space vehicle manual motion control during re-entry].

In 1960s, the Russian space program spared no resources for extensive theoretical and empiric studies of manual control by vehicles during re-entry at the second and first space speeds by cosmonauts experiencing g-loads of up to 18 g. About 6,000 static and 400 centrifuge experiments were performed, and if g-loads caused loss of vision the cosmonaut remained operational getting audible indication. Ergonomic characteristics of the control organs and indicators were high enough to guarantee accuracy despite the g-loads comparable with values under static conditions.