tRNA, yRNA, and rRNA fragment excisions do not involve canonical microRNA biogenesis machinery.

The excision of specific tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), yRNA-derived small RNAs (ysRNAs) and ribosomal RNA-derived small RNAs (rsRNAs) is now well established. Several reports have suggested many of these fragments function much like traditional microRNAs (miRNAs). That said, whereas the expressions of the majority of appreciably expressed miRNAs in HCT116 colon cancer cells are significantly decreased in individual knockouts (KOs) of DROSHA, DGCR8, XPO5, and DICER, on average, only 3.

Field observations of the developing legal recreational cannabis economy in Washington State.

Background: Washington State legalized the sale of recreational cannabis in 2012. This paper describes the unfolding of the market regulatory regime in an eastern portion of the state, including field descriptions to illustrate the setting.

Methods: We made observations and conducted interviews of the local supply chain comprising a producer/processor, analytic facility, and retail establishments as well as querying the state director of the regulatory board.

Normalising desistance: contextualising marijuana and cocaine use careers in young adults.

Although there is a vast literature on drug use and addiction, there is little work that addresses the long-term use of drugs within the general population. We take a more contextual look in examining longitudinal drug use patterns over the course of 14 years for a representative sample of young adults in their late teens and early twenties in the United States using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We use a growth trajectory modelling approach for cocaine and marijuana users to determine general use careers.

Differential antagonism of cocaine self-administration and cocaine-induced disruptions of learning by haloperidol in rhesus monkeys.

Six rhesus monkeys responding under a three-component multiple schedule were administered haloperidol to determine its effects on cocaine self-administration and on cocaine's disruptive effects on the repeated acquisition and performance of response chains. In the absence of haloperidol, 0.0032-0.

Contingent and noncontingent cocaine administration in rhesus monkeys: a comparison of the effects on the acquisition and performance of response sequences.

Previous studies have suggested that the effects of contingent (response dependent) and noncontingent (response independent) cocaine administration may differ, which could limit the generality and validity of laboratory studies that use only noncontingent administration. Therefore, two separate three-component multiple schedules of operant responding were used to examine the effects of both types of cocaine administration on the acquisition and performance of response sequences, in four rhesus monkeys. In one multiple schedule, responding under a fixed-ratio (FR) 60 schedule was followed by intravenous (i.